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"This paper re-examines the concept of 'the Japanese' as a national community by investigating the development of the thinking of native Okinawan anthropologist Ifa Fuyu in his lifelong attempt to answer the question 'Who are the Ryukyuans?' With the launching of anthropological field surveys as part and parcel of Japanese territorial expansion, which began in the late-nineteenth century, Japanese anthropologists began to engage in their task of emphasizing the uniformity or the comprehensibility of the concept, 'the Japanese'. Deeply sceptical about this trend, Ifa continued to search for the 'self-identity' of the Ryukyunans, while collaborating with the visiting anthropologist Torii Ruyuzo as his assistant/informant. The inquiry led Ifa to insist upon the 'uniqueness' of the Ryukyuans, on the one hand, while proposing, on the other, the concept of 'a common ancestor, a great nation', one that transcends academic typology about the commonalities or differences between the Japanese and Ryukyuans. Subsequently, in the 1910s, Ifa moved on to explicate the uniqueness of Ryukyuan history. In the wake of the sagoyashi (sago palm) crisis of the 1920s, however, Ifa switched to a standpoint that regards the Ryukyuans as the 'Southern Islanders', and based on this new perspective he began to assert, on the one hand, that the Ryukyuans are a branch line of Japanese descendants, while emphasizing, on the other, the exoticism, primitiveness, and 'Seiban' elements characteristic of the Ryukyuans as against the Japanese. What motivated these changes in Ifa's viewpoint? The paper probes for an answer by drawing insights from the controversy between Franz Fanon and Octave Mannoni on the psychological relations between the colonizer and the colonized, and, moreover, by trying to peer inside the pondering Ifa, a Ryukyuan, fixed on the psychologically puzzling question of 'Who am I?' And through these inquiries, the paper attempts to put the concept of 'the Japanese' as a national community in a fresh perspective."

"Pendahuluan: Fusi interkorpus lumbal adalah pilihan dalam tatalaksana spondilosis degeneratif. Operasi minimal invasif menekankan pada kelebihan dalam mengurangi kerusakan jaringan lunak, jumlah perdarahan dan durasi rawat di Rumah Sakit sehingga dapat meningkatkan derajat pemulihan pasien, status fungsional dan nilai cost-effective. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi luaran pasien yang menjalani operasi terbuka dan minimal invasif. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan restrospektif kohort pada 70 pasien operasi terbuka n=35, minimal invasif n=35 . Evaluasi klinis dan radiologis mencakup nilai VAS, jumlah perdarahan intraoperatif, durasi operasi, paparan fluoroskopi, tingkat fusi pada bulan ke 12, skor ODI untuk penilaian fungsional pasien, serta total biaya. Pasien diobservasi sampai 12 bulan pascaoperasi. Temuan Penelitian: Kedua kelompok menunjukkan hasil luaran klinis pascaoperasi yang baik. VAS nyeri punggung 1 hari pascaoperasi lebih baik secara signifikan pada kelompok minimal invasif p 0,001 , sedangkan VAS nyeri tungkai tidak berbeda secara bermakna pada kedua kelompok. Operasi minimal invasif diasosiasikan dengan berkurangnya jumlah perdarahan, namun terdapat peningkatan paparan radiasi intraoperatif. Evaluasi fusi dalam 12 bulan pascaoperasi tidak berbeda secara bermakna. Kelompok minimal invasif menunjukkan nilai ODI yang lebih baik pada periode 6 dan 12 bulan pascaoperasi. Total biaya berbeda secara bermakna, dimana terdapat angka yang lebih tinggi pada kelompok minimal invasif. Diskusi: Perbandingan antara operasi terbuka dan minimal invasif menunjukkan luaran yang relatif sama. Pada operasi minimal invasif jumlah perdarahan lebih sedikit, namun paparan radiasi lebih tinggi. Nyeri pascaoperasi periode awal lebih pada kelompok minimal invasif. Metode operasi minimal invasif dapat meningkatkan cost-effectiveness dihubungkan dengan kecepatan pemulihan dan waktu untuk kembali bekerja.

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Introduction Lumbar interbody fusion is one of the mainstay management in degenerative spondylosis. Minimal invasive surgery emphasize its potential advantages to reduce soft tissue injury, blood loss, length of hospital stay that result in improvement of recovery, functional outcome and cost effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of patients underwent MIS TLIF and open TLIF. Methods This is a prospective cohort study on total of 70 patients open TLIF n 35, MIS TLIF n 35 . We evaluate VAS for back pain and leg pain, ODI scores, intraoperative bleeding, operation duration, C arm shots, degrees of fusion, and total cost. We observed the patients until 1 year post operation. Results Post operation all the clinical parameter increased in both group compared to pre operative condition. VAS back pain was significantly lower in the MIS TLIF group p"