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"Enterococcus faecalis adalah bakteri yang paling dominan pada kasus infeksi pasca perawatan endodontik. Telah diteliti aktivitas fenotipnya (kemampuan membentuk biofilm dan Gel E serta viabilitasnya terhadap NaOCL dan khlorheksidin) dan profil genotipnya. Ternyata tidak ada perbedaan aktivitas Gel E E. faecalis saluran akar dan saliva pasien pra dan pasca perawatan. Dalam membentuk biofilm, kemampuan E. faecalis saluran akar pra-perawatan lebih kuat daripada pasca-perawatan, sedangkan kemampuan E. faecalis saliva tidak berbeda. Viabilitas E. faecalis menurun jika kadar NaOCl dan khlorheksidin meningkat; 30 menit adalah waktu inkubasi efektif. Terdapat keragaman profil genotip antara E. faecalis saliva dan saluran akar, pra dan pasca perawatan.

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Enterococcus faecalis is strong dominance bacteria in post treatment endodontic disease. Its phenotype activity (its ability to produce biofilms and Gel E also its viability to NaOCL and chlorexidine) and its genotype profile has been observed. It turns out that there?s no difference in E. faecalis Gel E activity of root canal and saliva from pre- nor post-endodontic treated patients. In producing biofilms, the ability of E. faecalis pre-endodontic treated root canal was stronger than the postendodontic treated root canal, while the ability of E. faecalis from saliva have no difference. The viability of E. faecalis decline if the concentration of NaOCl and chlorexidine were increasing; the effective incubation time was 30 minutes. There?s various genotype profile between E. faecalis of saliva and root canal either pre- or post-endodontic treatment."

"Latar Belakang : E. faecalis merupakan penyebab infeksi persisten pasca perawatan saluran akar. Menghilangkan seluruh bakteri dari saluran akar masih menjadi masalah dalam perawatan endodontik. Penggunaan larutan irigasi dengan penambahan laser dioda sebagai perangkat tambahan adalah upaya untuk eliminasi tersebut. Tujuan: menganalisis dan membandingkan daya anti bakteri laser dioda sebagai perangkat tambahan irigasi dengan larutan irigasi NaOCl 2,5 ,CHX 2 terhadap biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis. Metode : menghitung jumlah koloni CFU biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis pasca pemaparan bahan uii. Hasil : laser dioda memiliki daya anti bakteri terhadap biofilm E. faecalis isolat klinis terlihat pada kelompok kontrol salin. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna p

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Background: E. faecalis is often found in persistent intra radicular infection after endodontic failure treatment. Eliminating all bacteria in the root canal remains a problem in root canal management. Using irrigant with laser diode as adjunct is to eliminate the bacteria.

Aim: To analyze and compare the effectivity of diode laser, 2 chlorhexidine and 2,5 natrium hypochlorite against biofilm Of E. faecalis.

Method: score the antibacterial effects of the irrigant and diode laser with colony form unit CFU.

Result: Diode laser has antibacterial effectivity against E. faecalis biofilm. There is significant difference p 0,05 between irrigant with diode laser as an adjunct."

"Latar Belakang: Perawatan endodontik bertujuan untuk menghilangkan infeksi mikroba yang terlibat pada sistem saluran akar. Enterococcus faecalis merupakan spesies yang terlibat dalam infeksi endodontik. E. faecalis memproduksi enzim gelatinase yang dapat membantu untuk menempel pada permukaan dentin. Propolis dikenal kaya akan bahan aktif sehingga berpotensi menjadi bahan alam untuk menunjang perawatan endodontik. Tujuan: Menetapkan efektivitas propolis 0.2%, 0.8%, dan 1.2% jika dibandingkan dengan NaOCl 5.25% serta pengaruhnya terhadap ekspresi gen gelE pada biofilm E. faecalis dan aktivitas gelatinase. Metode: Eksperimen biofilm ditumbuhkan pada 96­-well plate dan diinkubasi dalam keadaan microaerofilik selama 14, 48, dan 72 jam dan selanjutnya dilakukan uji ekspresi gen gelE dengan RT-qPCR serta uji gelatinase dilakukan pada BHI agar yang dicampurkan dengan 3mg susu skim yang dibentuk sumuran setelahnya diinkubasi selama 3, 9, dan 24 jam Hasil: Pada hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil secara kualitatif pengamatan mikroskopik adanya efektivitas propolis terhadap E. faecalis seiring dengan bertambahnya konsentrasi pada masa inkubasi 24 dan 48 jam. Dari hasil uji statistik Kruskall wallis dengan menggunakan GraphPad, ekspresi mRNA gelE dipengaruhi oleh propolis jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif , hasil uji statistik didapatkan hasil yang signifikan (p < 0.05). Berdasarkan hasil dari uji gelatinase didapatkan diameter zona bening propolis 0.2%, 0.8%, dan 1.2% lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif dan akuades secara berurutan, akan tetapi lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan NaOCl 5.25% selaku kontrol positif. Kesimpulan: Propolis berpotensi menjadi bahan medikasi dan irigasi pada perawatan endodontik, selanjutnya perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut dengan bakteri multispesies dan konsentrasi propolis yang lebih tinggi.

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Background: Endodontic treatment aims to eliminate the microbial infection involved in the root canal system. Enterococcus faecalis is a species involved in endodontic infections. E. faecalis produces gelatinase enzymes that can help to adhere to the dentin surface. Propolis is known to be rich in active ingredients so that it has the potential to be a natural ingredient to support endodontic treatment. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of propolis 0.2%, 0.8%, and 1.2% when compared to 5.25% NaOCl and their effect on the expression of the gelE gene in E. faecalis biofilm and gelatinase activity. Methods: Biofilm were grown on a 96-well plate and incubated under microaerophilic conditions for 14, 48, and 72 hours and then tested for gelE gene expression using RT-qPCR and gelatinase test was performed on BHI agar mixed with 3mg of skim milk formed The wells were then incubated for 3, 9, and 24 hours. Results: The results obtained qualitatively microscopic observations of the effectiveness of propolis against E. faecalis along with increasing concentrations during the incubation period of 24 and 48 hours. From the results of the Kruskall Wallis statistical test using GraphPad, the expression of gelE mRNA was affected by propolis when compared to the negative control, the statistical test results obtained significant results (p < 0.05). Based on the results of the gelatinase test, the diameter of the clear zone of propolis 0.2%, 0.8%, and 1.2% was smaller than the negative control and distilled water respectively, but larger than the 5.25% NaOCl as the positive control. Conclusion: Propolis has the potential to be a medicinal and irrigation material in endodontic treatment, further research needs to be done with multispecies bacteria and higher concentrations of propolis"

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji daya antibakteri bahan irigasi nisin 10%, klorheksidin 2%, natrium hipoklorit 2,5% terhadap pertumbuhan biofilm E. faecalis secara in vitro. Bakteri E. faecalis ATCC 29212 dibiakkan pada media agar BHI kemudian diinkubasi 24 jam pada suhu 370C. Bakteri diinokulasi pada membran filter selulosa nitrat selama 72 jam agar terbentuk biofilm. Dilakukan uji kontak langsung antara bahan uji dan biofilm selama 10 menit. Dilakukan kuantifikasi DNA bakteri yang hidup melalui penambahan PMA pada Real time PCR. Hasilnya nisin 10% mempunyai daya antibakteri terhadap biofilm E.faecalis, namun tidak sebanding dengan klorheksidin 2% dan natrium hipoklorit 2,5%.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate antibacterial efficacy of 10% nisin, 2% chlorhexidine, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite against E.faecalis biofilm in vitro. Petri dishes containing BHI agar were seeded with E. faecalis ATCC 29212, incubated overnight at 370C. Celullose nitrate filter membrane was inoculated with E.faecalis for 72 hours to grown a biofilm. Direct contact test was performed between the test solutions and biofilm for 10 minutes. DNA quantification was performed using Real time PCR with PMA additive to count the lived cell. It was concluded that 10% nisin possessed antibacterial effect against E.faecalis biofilm, but not comparable with 2% chlorhexidine and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite."

"Latar Belakang : Enterococcus faecalis merupakan bakteri yang mampu membentuk biofilm dan banyak ditemukan pada kasus kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. Tujuan : Melihat daya antibakteri kitosan dan klorheksidin terhadap E. faecalis dalam biofilm. Metode : Deteksi dan kuantifikasi E. faecalis dalam biofilm yang hidup pasca pemaparan bahan uji, dengan real time PCR. Hasil : Terdapat perbedaan jumlah bakteri yang signifikan antara kedua kelompok bahan uji terhadap kontrol (p ≤ 0,05), tetapi tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kitosan dan klorheksidin. Kesimpulan : Daya antibakteri kitosan 2% terhadap biofilm E. faecalis sebanding dengan klorheksidin 2%.

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Background : Enterococcus faecalis has an ability to form biofilms and become a predominant bacteria that plays a major role in the etiology of persistent lesions after root canal treatment.

Aim : To analyze the efficacy of chitosan and chlorhexidine against E. faecalis in biofilms.

Methods : Detection and quantification of E. faecalis DNA that survive and live after immersing the biofilm in antibacterial solution, with real time PCR.

Result : Statistically there is significant difference of living E. faecalis between chitosan and control and between 2% chlorhexidine and control (p ≤0,05). But there is no significant different between chitosan and chlorhexidine (p>0,05).

Conclusion : Antibacterial effectivity of chitosan is equal to chlorhexidine against E. faecalis in biofilm."

"Latar Belakang: E.faecalis isolat klinis merupakan bakteri yang menyebabkan lesi periapeks persisten. Bioceramic dan Mineral Trioxide Aggregate merupakan siler yang mempunyai sifat anti bakteri. Tujuan: Untuk menganalisis efek anti bakteri siler Bioceramic dan MTA terhadap E.faecalis isolat klinis pada waktu 2 menit segera , 4 jam initial setting , 1 dan 7 hari setelah pengadukan siler. Metode: Efek anti bakteri siler Bioceramic dan MTA diperiksa dengan direct contact test. Masing-masing siler dikontakkan langsung dengan E.faecalis isolat klinis 2 menit, 4 jam, 1 dan 7 hari setelah pengadukan siler. Suspensi ini dioleskan pada medium agar dan diinkubasi 24 jam untuk melihat koloni bakteri yang tumbuh CFU/ml. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara siler Bioceramic dan MTA pada waktu 7 hari, antara siler Bioceramic pada waktu 2 dan 4 jam serta waktu 4 jam dan 7 hari setelah pengadukan siler. Kesimpulan: siler Bioceramic dan MTA mempunyai efek anti bakteri yang baik terhadap E.faecalis pada saat segera, initial setting, dan 1 hari setelah pengadukan siler, pada waktu 7 hari setelah pengadukan, siler MTA yang paling baik. Siler MTA mempunyai efek anti bakteri yang konstan sampai 7 hari Keywords : Entereococcus faecalis isolat klinis, Siler Bioceramic dan Mineral Trioxide Aggregate MTA

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Background: E.faecalis isolate clinic is a kind of bacteria that cause persistent periapical lesion. Bioceramic and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate are sealers that having antibacterial properties.

Aim: To analyze antibacterial effect of Bioceramic and MTA sealers against E.faecalis isolate clinic at 2 minutes fresh , 4 hours initial setting , 1 day and 7 day after mixed the sealers.

Methods: Antibacterial effect of Bioceramic and MTA sealers was assessed by direct test contact. Each sealer was contacted with E.faecalis isolate clinic at 2 minutes, 4 hours, 1 day and 7 days after mixed the sealers. This suspension was swab in agar medium and incubated for 24 hours. The colony in agar plates is counted with colony forming unit CFU .

Result: The significant differences was shown by Bioceramic and MTA at 7 days, between Bioceramic at 2 minutes fresh and 4 hours initial setting also at 4 hours initial setting and 7 days after mixed the sealer.

Conclusion: Both of Bioceramic and MTA sealers have a good antibacterial effect at fresh, initial setting and 1 hour after mixed the sealer but at 7 days, MTA was the greater. MTA sealer has a constant antibacterial effect until 7 days. "

"Latar Belakang: Penggunaan instrumen endodontik steril diperlukan untuk keberhasilan perawatan saluran akar. Desain dan bentuk instrumen endodontik menjadi tantangan dalam proses sterilisasi. Instrumen yang kini sering digunakan adalah instrumen putar NiTi, dengan salah satu desain terbaru adalah instrumen putar NiTi off-centered, yang bisa berupa variable taper maupun regressive taper. Bakteri resisten yang perlu diwaspadai dalam perawatan saluran akar adalah Enterococcus faecalis. Beberapa tahapan sterilisasi sudah pernah diajukan, namuan tidak spesifik pada instrumen putar NiTi off-centered yang terkontaminasi bakteri Enterococcus faecalis. Perlu siasat dan langkah-langkah khusus untuk mendapatkan instrumen putar NiTi off-centered yang steril dari bakteri Entercoccus faecalis. Tujuan: Membandingkan jumlah bakteri Enterococcus faecalis pada instrumen putar NiTi off-centered variable taper dan regressive taper setelah melalui dua metode sterilisasi yang berbeda. Metode: Delapan kelompok uji yang terdiri dari empat kelompok instrumen putar NiTi off-centered variable taper dan empat kelompok instrumen putar NiTi off-centered regressive taper. Masing-masing dari keempat kelompok tersebut dibagi menjadi kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompok kontrol positif, kelompok sterilisasi Parashos dan kelompok sterilisasi Linsuwanont. Selain kelompok negatif, instrumen-instrumen dari kelompok lainnya digunakan untuk mempreparasi saluran akar gigi premolar yang sudah dikontaminasi bakteri Enterococcus faecalis. Kedelapan kelompok kemudian diuji kultur menggunakan agar kromogenik untuk melihat keberadaan bakteri Enterococcus faecalis dan menghitung koloni yang terbentuk. Hasil: Pada kelompok kontrol negatif, tidak ditemukan adanya bakteri Enterococcus faecalis. Kelompok positif menunjukkan keberadaan bakteri Enterococcus faecalis dengan jumlah besar. Kelompok Parashos dan Linsuwanont menunjukkan jumlah bakteri Enterococcus faecalis yang beragam, dengan kelompok Parashos memberikan hasil jumlah bakteri yang lebih besar daripada kelompok Linsuwanont. beragam.terbanyak dan tersedikit Kesimpulan: Metode sterilisasi Linsuwanont adalah metode paling efektif untuk mensterilisasi bakteri Enterococcus faecalis pada instrumen putar NiTi off-centered regressive taper. Metode sterilisasi Parashos tidak efektif untuk mensterilisasi bakteri Enterococcus faecalis pada instrumen putar NiTi off-centered variable taper maupun regressive taper. Kata kunci: sterilisasi, intrumen putar NiTi, off-centered, Enterococcus faecalis, CFU

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Backrgound: The use of sterile endodontic instruments is necessary to achieve successful root canal treatment. The design and shape of endodontic instruments poses challenges in their sterilization process. The current most widely used endodontic instrument are NiTi rotary files, and one of the newest design results in off-centered NiTi rotary files, which can either have a variable taper or a regressive taper. Resistant bacteria that must be noticed in root canal treatment is Enterococcus faecalis. Several sterilization processes have been put forward for endodontic instruments; however, none were specific for off-centered NiTi rotary files that were contaminated by Enterococcus faecalis. Specific strategies and steps are necessary to achieve sterile off-centered NiTi rotary files that are free from Entercoccus faecalis. Aim: Compare the amount of Enterococcus faecalis on off-centered NiTi rotary files with variable taper and regressive taper after being processed using two different sterilization methods. Method: Eight test groups were established consisting of four off-centered NiTi rotary files with variable taper and four off-centered NiTi rotary files with regressive taper. Each of these four groups were divided into the following groups: negative control group, positive control group, Parashos sterilization group and lastly Linsuwanont sterilization group. Besides the negative control group, instruments from the other groups were used to perform root canal preparation of premolars that were contaminated by Enterococcus faecalis. The eight test groups were then tested for bacterial culture using chromogenic agar media to observe the presence and count the colony forming units of Enterococcus faecalis. Results: In the negative control group, no Enterococcus faecalis bacteria were found. The positive control group showed a large amount of Enterococcus faecalis present. The Parashos and Linsuwanont groups showed a variety in the amount of Enterococcus faecalis present, with the Parashos group showing a higher number of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria than the Linsuwanont group. Conclusion: The Linsuwanont sterilization method is the most effective method to sterilize Enterococcus faecalis bacteria from off-centered NiTi rotary files with regressive taper. The Parashos sterilization method was ineffective in sterilizing Enterococcus faecalis bacteria from both off-centered NiTi rotary files with variable taper and regressive taper."

"Latar Belakang: Preparasi saluran akar berpotensi menyebabkan ekstrusi debri nekrotik dan bakteri intrakanal yang dapat memicu respon inflamasi di periapeks. Teknik instrumentasi, desain file, dan teknik irigasi diketahui memengaruhi potensi terjadinya ekstrusi debri dan bakteri. Tujuan: Menganalisis dan membandingkan efek penggunaan single file rotasi kontinyu dan resiprokal terhadap terjadinya ekstrusi debri dan E.faecalis. Metode: Tiga puluh dua gigi premolar rahang bawah, akar tunggal dipilih secara acak dikontaminasi bakteri E.faecalis isolat klinis ke dalam saluran akar, lalu dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. Saluran akar dipreparasi menggunakan single file gerakan rotasi kontinyu (One Curve), dan single file gerakan resiprokal (Reciproc Blue). Model Myers dan Montogomery digunakan untuk mengumpulkan ekstrusi debri dan bakteri. Jumlah ekstrusi debri diketahui dari selisih berat tabung debri sebelum dan setelah instrumentasi. Sementara ekstrusi E.faecalis diketahui dengan identifikasi koloni hijau-biru pada media chromagar selektif. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji Mann Whitney dan komparatif kategorik. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara jumlah ekstrusi debri (p=0,513) dan persentase terjadinya ekstrusi E.faecalis (p=0,479) pada kelompok uji menggunakan single file rotasi kontinyu dengan resiprokal. Simpulan: Instrumen single file rotasi kontinyu dan resiprokal, berpotensi menyebabkan ekstrusi debri dan E.faecalis, namun tidak ditemui perbedaan bermakna pada jumlah ekstrusi debri dan E.faecalis di antara kedua gerakan tersebut.

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Background: Root canal preparation potentially cause extrusion of necrotic debris and intracanal bacteria which lead to inflammation in periapical tissue. The preparation technique, file design, and irrigation techniques influences the risk of debris and bacterial extrusion. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of rotating and reciprocating single file on debris and E.faecalis extrusion.Method: Thirty-two mandibular premolars, single roots randomly contaminated with E.faecalis bacterial isolates into the root canal, then divided into two groups. The root canals were prepared using rotating single file (One Curve) and reciprocating single file (Reciproc Blue). Myers and Montogomery models are used to collect debri and bacterial extrusions. The amount of debris extrusion is known from the difference of the debris tubes weight before and after instrumentation. While E.faecalis extrusion is known by identification of blue-green colonies on selective chromagar media. Non parametric test like Mann Whitney test and categorical comparative test were applied to determine the significant difference among the group. Results: There was no significant difference between debris extrusion (p = 0.513) and the percentage of E.faecalis extrusion (p = 0.479) among the group using rotating and reciprocating single file. Conclusions: In this study, both rotating and reciprocating single file system used resulted in some debris and E.faecalis extrusion, but there were no significant differences in the number of debris and E.faecalis extrusion between the instrumentation."

"Salah satu peran protein saliva adalah sebagai sistem pertahanan rongga mulut. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek protein saliva spesifik dan non-spesifik C. albicans dari kelompok usia anak, dewasa, lansia dalam pembentukan biofilm E. faecalis in vitro. Metode: Uji biofilm dengan crystal violet. Hasil: Pembentukan biofilm E. faecalis pada protein spesifik C. albicans dari kelompok dewasa dan lansia mengalami penurunan saat inkubasi 18 jam (p≤0.05). Pembentukan biofilm E. faecalis pada protein non-spesifik C. albicans dari ketiga kelompok usia mengalami peningkatkan saat inkubasi 6 jam dan 18 jam (p≤0.05). Kesimpulan: Protein spesifik C. albicans pada kelompok dewasa dan lansia menurunkan pertumbuhan bakteri E. faecalis. Protein non-spesifik C. albicans meningkatkan adhesi dan pertumbuhan bakteri E. faecalis.

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One of the function of salivary proteins, it works as the first line of defense in the oral cavity. Objectives: to analyse the effect of specific and non specific salivary protein to C. albicans from children, adults and elderly on E. faecalis biofilm formation in vitro. Methods: Crystal violet assay. Results: Biofilm formation of E. faecalis on specific salivary protein to C. albicans, from adults and elderly, decreases when incubated for 18 hours (p≤0.05). Biofilm formation of E. faecalis on non-spesific salivary protein to C. albicans, from children, adults and elderly, increases when incubated for 6 hours and 18 hours (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Spesific salivary protein to C. albicans, from adults and elderly, decreases the growth of E. faecalis. Non-spesific salivary protein to C. albicans increases the adhesion and growth of E. faecalis."

"Latar Belakang: E. faecalis dan C. albicans adalah mikroorganisme di saluran akar yang mampu bertahan hidup meski sudah dilakukan perawatan saluran akar. Penggunaan larutan irigasi sintetik saat perawatan saluran akar efektif dalam mengeliminasi mikroorganisme di saluran akar namun terbukti toksik terdapat sel punca mesenkim di periapikal. Cuka apel mengandung zat aktif seperti asam organik, flavonoid, fenol, tanin yang bersifat antimikroba dan menghambat pertumbuhan mikroba, namun terbukti tidak toksik bagi sel punca. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan efek antimikroba larutan cuka apel berbagai konsentrasi terhadap biofilm E. faecalis dan C. albicans. Metode: Dilakukan paparan larutan cuka apel 0,63%, 1,25%, dan 2,5%, serta kontrol positif NaOCl 2,5% dan kontrol negatif pada biofilm E. faecalis dan C. albicans. Kemudian dilakukan evaluasi efek antimikroba dengan uji hitung koloni dan nilai viabilitas dengan metode MTT Assay. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna jumlah koloni dan nilai viabilitas biofilm E. faecalis (p<0,05) dan biofilm C. albicans (p<0,05) antara seluruh konsentrasi larutan cuka apel, kontrol positif, dan kontrol negatif, dengan efek antimikroba larutan cuka apel tertinggi pada konsentrasi 2,5% dan terendah pada konsentrasi 0,63%. Kesimpulan: Larutan cuka apel 2,5% memiliki kemampuan antimikroba dengan nilai viabilitas dan jumlah koloni hampir sebanding dengan kontrol positif NaOCl 2,5%, sehingga larutan cuka apel dapat dipertimbangkan untuk dijadikan alternatif larutan irigasi saluran akar.

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Background: E. faecalis and C. albicans are microorganisms in root canals that are able to survive even after root canal treatment. The use of synthetic irrigation solutions during root canal treatment is effective in eliminating microorganisms in the root canal but has been shown to be toxic to periapical mesenchymal stem cells. Apple vinegar contains active substances such as organic acids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins which are antimicrobial and inhibit microbial growth, but have been proven not to be toxic to stem cells. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial effects of apple vinegar solutions of various concentrations on E. faecalis and C. albicans biofilms. Method: Exposure to 0.63%, 1.25% and 2.5% apple vinegar solutions, as well as 2.5% NaOCl positive control and negative control on E. faecalis and C. albicans biofilms were carried out. Then the antimicrobial effect was evaluated using the colony count test and viability value using the MTT Assay method. Result: There were significant differences in the number of colonies and viability values of E. faecalis biofilm (p<0.05) and C. albicans biofilm (p<0.05) between all concentrations of apple vinegar solution, positive control and negative control, with the antimicrobial effect of the apple vinegar solution were highest at a concentration of 2.5% and lowest at a concentration of 0.63%. Conclusion: The 2.5% apple vinegar solution has antimicrobial ability with viability values and colony numbers almost comparable to the 2.5% NaOCl as positive control, so 2,5% apple vinegar solution can be considered as an alternative root canal irrigation solution."