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"Tetes mata yang mengandung tetrahidrozolin hidroklorida 0,05% akhir-akhir ini digunakan sebagai obat perantara dalam tindakan kriminal dengan cara dicampurkan ke dalam minuman yang diberikan kepada korban. Laporan kasus menyebabkan korban mengalami pusing, lemas, depresi pernafasan, hipotensi dan kehilangan kesadaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi efek toksik 1 botol tetes mata dengan mencampurkan ke dalam beberapa minuman yang diberikan per oral pada tikus dan menganalisis kadar tetrahidrozolin dalam urin. Tikus dibagi menjadi 7 kelompok dengan perlakuan antara lain kelompok normal (air 3 ml); THZ: tetrahidrozolin hidroklorida (0,675 mg/200g bb); THZ + ID (tetrahidrozolin hidroklorida 0,675 mg/200g bb + idazoxan 7,2 mg/200g bb); IN: Insto® 0,675 mg/200g bb; IN + SP: Insto® 0,675 mg/200g + Sprite® 3 mL; IN + TH: Insto® 0,675 mg/200g + Teh Pucuk Harum® 3 mL: IN + AL: Insto® 0,675 mg/200g + Bir Bintang® 3 mL. Hewan uji dipuasakan semalaman, parameter kesadaran (pinna reflex, eye twitch, auditory startle dan righting reflex), laju nafas, suhu, dan tekanan darah diukur sebelum dan sesudah pemberian zat uji, volume urin ditampung selama 4 jam pengamatan, dan kadar tetrahidrozolin dianalisis pada urin jam ke-1 dan ke-2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat efek penurunan laju nafas dan tekanan darah, pelarut minuman soda, teh dan alkohol memberikan pengaruh potensiasi yang signifikan terhadap efek tersebut. Pelarut minuman berpengaruh pada volume dan kadar tetrahidrozolin hidroklorida dalam urin.

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Recently, eye drops containing tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride have been used in drug facilitated crime by mixing it into beverages given to victims. Numbers of case reports showed effects to the victims are dizziness, weakness, respiratory depression, hypotension and loss of consciousness. This study aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of 1 bottle of eye drops by mixing it with several drinks given orally to rats and to analyze the levels of tetrahydrozoline in urine. Rats were divided into 7 groups as follow as; the normal group (3 ml water); THZ: tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride (0.675 mg/200g bb); THZ + ID (tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride 0.675 mg/200g bb + idazoxan 7.2 mg/200g bb); IN: Insto® 0.675 mg/200g bb; IN + SP: Insto® 0.675 mg/200g + Sprite® 3 mL; IN + TH: Insto® 0.675 mg/200g + 3 mL Teh Pucuk Harum®; IN + AL: Insto® 0.675 mg/200g + Bir Bintang® 3 mL. The animals were fasted overnight, the parameters of consciousness (pinna reflex, eye twitch, auditory startle and righting reflex), respiratory rate, temperature, and blood pressure were measured before and after administration of the test substance, urine volume collected for 4 hours of observation, and tetrahydrozoline levels were analyzed at 1st and 2nd hour. The results showed that respiratory rate and blood pressure decreased significantly, the beverages showed significant potentiating effect. Beverages affected the volume and levels of tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride in urine."

"Diabetes melitus ditandai dengan kadar gula darah yang melebihi normal (hiperglikemia) sebagai akibat dari tubuh yang kekurangan insulin relatif maupun absolut. Enzim α-glukosidase menghidrolisis karbohidrat menjadi glukosa. Pada pasien diabetes, penghambatan terhadap enzim α-glukosidase menyebabkan peghambatan terhadap absorbsi glukosa dan menurunkan hiperglikemia.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui aktivitas penghambatan enzim α-glukosidase dari beberapa tanaman obat yang digunakan di Indonesia. Serbuk simplisia diekstrak dengan cara refluks menggunakan pelarut etanol 80%. Aktivitas penghambatan enzim α-glukosidase dilakukan dengan mengukur serapannya secara spektrofotometri. Akarbose digunakan sebagai standar. Penghambatan enzim α-glukosidase paling besar ditunjukkan pada ekstrak biji Swietenia mahagoni dengan nilai IC50 7,03 ppm diikuti oleh ekstrak daun Anacardium occidentale, biji Luffa cylindrical, umbi Dioscorea hispida, daun Blumea balsamifera, daun Catharanthus roseus, Allium cepa, daun Physalis angulata, herba Ocinum americanum dan daun Tectona grandis dengan nilai IC50 9,11 ppm; 17,46 ppm; 26,05 ppm; 28,01 ppm; 36,08 ppm; 50,58 ppm; 55,89 ppm; 80,78 ppm; dan 87,38 ppm. Ekstrak biji Swietenia mahagoni menunjukkan aktivitas penghambatan kompetitif. Hasil penapisan fitokimia menunjukkan semua ekstrak mengandung saponin dan glikosida.

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Diabetes mellitus is characterized by exceed blood sugar level to normal (hyperglycemia) caused by a relative or absolute deficiency in insulin. α-Glucosidase hydrolyzes carbohydrates into glucose. In diabetic patients, inhibition of this enzymes causes the restraint of glucose absorption and decreases the postprandial hyperglycemia.The purpose of this research was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase in some medicinal plants used as antidiabetic in Indonesia. Crude drug powder was extracted by reflux using 80% ethanol. Inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase was evaluated by measuring the absorbance with spectrophotometry. Acarbose used as a standard. The biggest inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase demonstrated in Swietenia mahagoni seed extract with IC50 value of 7.03 ppm followed by Anacardium occidentale leaf, Luffa cylindrical seed, Dioscorea hispida root, Blumea balsamifera leaf, Catharanthus roseus leaf, Allium cepa, Physalis angulata leaf, Ocinum americanum leaf, and Tectona grandis leaf extracts with IC50 value of 9.11 ppm, 17.46 ppm, 26.05 ppm, 28.01 ppm, 36.08 ppm, 50.58 ppm, 55.89 ppm, 80.78 ppm, and 87.38 ppm. Swietenia mahagoni seed extract shown to be a competitive inhibitor. The result of phytochemical screening showed that all of the extracts contain saponin and glycoside."

"Diabetes melitus adalah gangguan metabolisme yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia. Salah satu terapi yang diberikan bagi penderita diabetes adalah pemberian obat hipoglikemik oral yaitu inhibitor α-glukosidase. Obat ini bekerja secara kompetitif terhadap maltase, isomaltase, sukrase dan glukoamilase pada usus halus dan menunda pemecahan disakarida. Penelitian terdahulu menyatakan bahwa ekstrak metanol dari daun Calophyllum tomentosum Wight. memiliki IC50 sebesar 89,907 μg/mL. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memperoleh nilai IC50 dari fraksi teraktif ekstrak metanol daun Calophyllum tomentosum Wight. serta mengidentifikasi golongan senyawa apa saja yang terkandung dalam fraksi teraktif. Ekstrak metanol difraksinasi dengan menggunakan fase diam silika gel dan fase gerak n-heksan, etil asetat serta metanol yang ditingkatkan kepolarannya. Terdapat sembilan fraksi terpilih yang akan diuji penghambatan aktivitas dengan menggunakan metode penghambatan aktivitas enzim secara in vitro. Diperoleh aktivitas penghambatan dari fraksi teraktif sebesar 51,288 μg/mL dan mengandung senyawa flavonoid, saponin serta terpenoid.

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Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. One of therapy given for diabetic patients is administration of oral hypoglycemic, inhibitor α-glucosidase drugs. This drug works competitively to maltase, isomaltase, sucrase and glucoamylase in the small intestine and delay the hydrolysis of disaccharide. In the previous study, stated that the metanol extract of the leaves of Calophyllum tomentosum Wight. had IC50 = 89.907 μg / mL. The aim of this research was to obtain IC50 values and to identify any compound group contained in the most active fraction from metanol extract leaves of Calophyllum tomentosum Wight. The methanol extract was fractionated using silika gel as stationary phase and the mobile phase are n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol were increased polarity.There were nine fractions chosen to be tested in inhibitory activity using an enzyme activity inhibitory assay. The most active fraction had 51.288 μg/mL IC50 value and contained flavonoids,saponins and terpenoids."

"Segara Anakan Lagoon (SAL) is widely known as a traditional fishing ground for many aquatic organisms and is located in Central Java, in an area with high rainfall rates. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of rainfall on the distribution of Penaeus monodon Fabricius in SAL and/or mangrove waters and to explain the cause of yearly fluctuations in this area’s fish catch during a 13-year period from 1998 to 2011. The effects of rainfall on the local distribution and abundance of shrimp in SAL, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia, were examined using the Anco method for three periods, namely: first period (i.e., commercial catch production, 1998–2011), second period (December 2010–November 2011) and third period (December 2011–April 2012) as part of a shrimp fishery and eco-biology study in this region. The marked increase in rainfall from 557 mm during the East Monsoon (June–August) to 1,225 mm in the second transition season (September–November) and West Monsoon (December–February) in the Segara Anakan region enhanced the seasonal movement of shrimp into the Zone IV fishing ground and produced an initial increase in the abundance of adults (CL>25 mm) in the region from 312 to 2,630 individuals. This initial increase in adult abundance enhanced the shrimp’s reproductive potential, while heavy rainfall indirectly assisted the recruitment of young shrimp into the estuary, their growth, and survival, to increase shrimp abundance in the following year. Lower rainfalls from July to September) adversely affected shrimp population and usually resulted in smaller populations (312 individuals). Statistical analysis of the relationship between shrimp catch and annual rainfall showed a high level of significance at 1%."

"Ester asam lemak-karbohidrat dapat dibuat dari reaksi esterifikasi antara sukrosa dengan asam lemak minyak sawit. Reaksi esterifikasi dilakukan secara enzimatis menggunakan lipase Candida rugosa bebas maupun terimobilisasi pada nanopartikel Fe3O4?Kitosan. Hasil sintesis nanopartikel Fe3O4?Kitosan dikarakterisasi dengan FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red). Selanjutnya, lipase diimobilisasi dan diuji persen loading serta aktivitas katalitiknya. Didapatkan persen loading imobilisasi sebesar 31,46%, aktivitas hidrolisis 7,08 U/mL, dan aktivitas spesifik 2,02 U/mg, dengan efisiensi imobilisasi sebesar 4,49%, dan penurunan aktivitas sebesar 95,32%. Pada reaksi esterifikasi menggunakan enzim terimobilisasi dalam pelarut n-heksana dan t-butanol, didapatkan persen konversi ester tertinggi pada rasio sukrosa : asam lemak 1:90 dengan persen konversi masing-masing sebesar 1,23% dan 4,08%.

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Carbohydrate-fatty acid ester can be synthesized by esterification reaction between sucrose and palm oil fatty acid. The esterification reaction was carried out enzymatically using free and immobilized Candida rugosa lipase on Fe3O4?Chitosan nanoparticles. The synthesized Fe3O4?Chitosan nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red). The lipase was immobilized and then the loading percentage and the catalytic activity were determined. The loading percentage of the immobilized enzyme was 31.46% with hydrolytic activity of 7,08 U/mL, the specific activity of 2,02 U/mg, the immobilization efficiency was 4.49%, and the enzyme activity was decreased by 95.32%. In the esterification reaction using immobilized enzyme in n-hexane and t-butanol, the highest ester conversion percentage were obtained by using the ratio of sucrose : fatty acid 1:90 with the conversion percentage of 1,23% and 4,08% respectively."

"Soil enzymes play a fundamental role in many soil processes such as the mineralization of organic matter, the synthesis of humic substances, the degradation of xenobiotics or the mechanisms involved in the biocontrol of plant pathogens. Their direct link with soil microorganisms gives them a key role as biomonitors of the evolution of soil quality or in the monitoring of the application of organic amendments to degraded soils. As a consequence of the importance of soil enzymes on soil processes, there is an increasing interest in their study, as well as in the application of molecular techniques as diagnostic tools."

"Stress, high blood pressure, smoking, pollution, fast foods, overweight, excessive travelling, surgery, less movement are common features in our modern life. These features are risky for blood clotting disorders. According to WHO, over 29% of the total mortalities worldwide are due to thrombosis. By the year, 2020 cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) may cause an estimated 25 million deaths per year, thus antithrombotic therapy is of great interest.The available thrombolytic agents such as urokinase are highly expensive, antigenic, quite unspecific, pyretogenic and hemorrhagenic. Therefore, the production of fibrinolysing enzymes, which rapidly dissolute thrombi within the vascular tree, without the detriments by microorganisms, as described in this book, is the desirable aim of today’s research."

"The book starts with four chapters in which the potential, advantages, and phylogeny of enzybiotics are reviewed. Then, the new ways of controlling infections by Gramnegative bacteria and an updated view of bacteriophage holins are presented. After a review of antistaphylococcal lytic enzymes, the book goes on to discuss membrane targeted enzybiotics, as well as the design of phage cocktails for current therapy. Finally, the last two chapters deal respectively with the novel methods to identify new enzybiotics and the use of modified phages to induce suicide in bacteria.Enzybiotics is a promising way of fighting bacterial or fungal infectious diseases by using viruses or viral-derived lysins. Drawing from the fields of medicinal chemistry, microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry, this book presents the state of the science in enzybiotics research, fully exploring its emerging therapeutic applications.The book begins with four chapters that review the potential applications, possible advantages, and phylogeny of enzybiotics. Next, the book explores :- A new approach to controlling infections using Gram-negative bacteria- Bacteriophage holins and their membrane-disrupting activity- Anti-staphylococcal lytic enzymes- Membrane-targeted enzybiotics- Design of phage cocktails for therapy from a host-range point of view- Novel methods to identify new enzybiotics- Genetically modified phages that deliver suicidal genes to target bacteriaThe authors, all active enzybiotics researchers, offer a variety of perspectives, the benefit of their own hands-on investigations, as well as a thorough review and analysis of the current literature.As more and more bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, the development of new disease-fighting agents has become essential. This book demonstrates the full potential of the emerging field of enzybiotics to control infectious diseases. Moreover, it will serve as a springboard for new research and the development of new therapeutics."