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"Nanokomposit berbasis biopolimer yang didukung oleh oksida logam menarik untuk dikembangkan sebagai katalis untuk produksi biodiesel. Dalam penelitian ini, nanokomposit selulosa/CaO-gamma-Fe2O3 dan nanokomposit gamma-Fe2O3-selulosa/CaO berhasil disintesis dengan memanfaatkan limbah cangkang telur Gallus domesticus sebagai sumber CaO, maghemit (gamma-Fe2O3) disintesis melalui sol gel, dan jerami padi sebagai sumber sintesis nanoselulosa yang didukung oleh karakterisasi FTIR XRD, SEM, dan TEM. Nanokomposit selulosa/CaO-gamma-Fe2O3 dan gamma-Fe2O3-selulosa/CaO digunakan sebagai katalis dalam konversi minyak kelapa menjadi FAME. Kondisi optimum dengan jumlah katalis 9 mg, rasio metanol : minyak 12:1 pada suhu 60oC, nanokomposit selulosa/CaO-gamma-Fe2O3 mampu memberikan konversi 89,84 %. Konversi minyak kelapa menjadi produk menggunakan nanokomposit gamma-Fe2O3-selulosa/CaO pada suhu 60oC mencapai 90,67 % dalam kondisi optimum: rasio metanol:minyak 12:1, waktu reaksi 225 menit, dan jumlah katalis 6 mg. Energi aktivasi untuk reaksi menggunakan nanokomposit selulosa/CaO-gamma-Fe2O3 dan nanokomposit gamma-Fe2O3-selulosa/CaO diperoleh sebesar 19,11 kJ.mol-1 dan 17,45 kJ.mol-1. Parameter kinetika dari reaksi dievaluasi mengikuti persamaan pseudo-orde pertama. Komposisi FAME ditentukan dengan menggunakan kromatografi gas-spektroskopi massa.

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Nanocomposites of metal oxide supported by biopolymer are interesting to be developed as catalyst for biodiesel production. In this study, nanocomposites cellulose/CaO-gamma-Fe2O3 and gamma-Fe2O3-cellulose/CaO were successfully synthesized by utilizing Gallus domesticus eggshell waste as the source of CaO, maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3) was synthesized via sol-gel method and rice straw as the source of nanocellulose biopolymer in which their characterizations were conducted by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM. The composition of fatty acid methyl ester was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Nanocomposites of cellulose/CaO-gamma-Fe2O3 and gamma-Fe2O3-cellulose/CaO were used as catalysts for the synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from coconut oil through transeterification reaction with methanol. The optimal conditions using cellulose/CaO-gamma-Fe2O3 catalyst were obtained of 9 mg amount catalyst, methanol to oil ratio of 12:1 at 60oC, the cellulose/CaO-gamma-Fe2O3 nanocomposite was able to give conversion of 89.84% within 300 min of reaction. Meanwhile, the conversion of coconut oil into fatty acid methyl ester using gamma-Fe2O3-cellulose/CaO nanocomposite at 60oC was obtained 90.67% under these condition 12:1 methanol to oil ratio for 225 min with 6 mg catalyst. The activation energy for reaction using cellulose/CaO-gamma-Fe2O3 nanocomposite and gamma-Fe2O3-cellulose/CaO nanocomposite was found to be 19,11 kJ. mol-1 and 17,45 kJ. mol-1 . The kinetic parameter of the reaction was also evaluated following the pseudo-first order equation."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mensintesis dan meneliti kemampuan katalitik katalis berbasis material hibrid silika-organosilika terfungsionalisasi sulfonat dengan mereaksikan secara sol-gel, prekursor silika dengan prekursor Periodic Mesoporous Organosillica dan diaplikasikan sebagai katalis reaksi esterifikasi asam lemak bebas dengan gliserol. Material ini berhasil disintesis didukung dengan karakterisasi menggunakan Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (FESEM-Edx), X–ray diffraction (XRD), dan Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). Untuk meneliti kemampuan katalitik katalis ini, maka dibandingkan dengan kelima jenis katalis lain yaitu SBA-15, SBA-15-PrSO3H dengan tiga macam variasi, dan Ph-PMO-PrSO3H. Dalam membandingkan kemampuan katalitik keenam jenis katalis ini dilakukan reaksi esterifikasi dengan kondisi yang telah ditetapkan, yaitu pada suhu 200oC, waktu reaksi selama 120 menit dengan persen berat katalis sebesar 1%. Didapatkan nilai persen konversi asam terbaik dengan menggunakan material hibrid, dimana didapatkan persen konversi sebesar 34,37%. Kemudian, dengan menggunakan katalis hibrid diselidiki keadaan optimum reaksi (perbandingan molar reaktan, selang waktu dan persen jumlah katalis). Didapatkan kondisi optimum reaksi pada variabel rasio molar reaktan (gliserol: asam oleat) terbaik pada rasio (4:1) dengan yield 34,37%, variasi selang waktu 300 menit menghasilkan yield optimum sebesar 39,23% dan jumlah katalis sebesar 5% berat reaktan yang menghasilkan yield 86,53%.......The purpose of this study was to synthesize and investigate the catalytic ability of a sulfonate functionalized silica-organosilica hybrid based catalyst by reacting sol-gel, silica precursors with Periodic Mesoporous Organosillica precursors and applied as a catalyst for the esterification of free fatty acids with glycerol. This material was successfully synthesized supported by characterization using Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (FESEM-Edx), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). . To examine the catalytic ability of this catalyst, it was compared with five types of catalysts, namely SBA-15, SBA-15-PrSO3H with three variations, and Ph-PMO-PrSO3H. In comparing the catalytic ability, this type of catalyst was subjected to an esterification reaction with predetermined conditions, namely at a temperature of 200oC, a reaction time of 120 minutes with a catalyst percentage of 1%. The best acid conversion percentage value was obtained using a hybrid material, where the conversion percentage was 34.37%. Then, using a hybrid catalyst provides the optimal reaction state (molar reaction ratio, time lapse and percentage of catalyst). The optimum reaction conditions were obtained at the best reactant (glycerol: oleic acid) molar ratio variable at a ratio (4:1) with a yield of 34.37%, a variation of the time interval of 300 minutes produced an optimum yield of 39.23% and the amount of catalyst was 5% by weight. reactants which yield 86.53% yield."