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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini menganalisis peranan ahli kedokteran forensik dalam memberikan keterangan ahli serta pengaruhnya terhadap keyakinan dan pertimbangan hakim dalam menentukan putusan perkara pidana di Indonesia. Ruang lingkup pembahasannya adalah bagaimanakah definisi dan kualitas alat bukti keterangan ahli dalam hukum acara pidana Indonesia; bagaimana perkembangan pengaturan, bentuk peranan, standar kriteria ahli kedokteran forensik dalam memberikan keterangan ahli dalam hukum acara pidana di Indonesia; dan bagaimanakah pengaruh keterangan ahli kedokteran forensik dalam putusan perkara pidana di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan Pendekatan Perundang-undangan Statue Approach Pendekatan Kasus Case Approach dan Pendekatan Perbandingan Comparative Approach . Data-data yang diperoleh akan dideskripsikan untuk kemudian dianalisa secara kualitatif dan diuraikan secara sistematis. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa definisi alat bukti keterangan ahli di Indonesia mengacu pada KUHAP, yang pada prakteknya terbagi atas tiga macam definisi dan kualitas antara lain mulai yang terkuat kualitasnya Getuige Deskundige ahli yang mengemukakan pendapat dengan melakukan pemeriksaan secara langsung , Deskundige ahli yang mengemukakan pendapat tanpa melakukan pemeriksaan secara langsung , Zaakkundige ahli yang menerangkan pendapatnya, namun sebenarnya dapat dipelajari sendiri oleh hakim, jaksa penuntut umum dan penasehat hukum ; Perkembangan pengaturan peranan ahli kedokteran forensik sudah ada sejak zaman penjajahan Belanda hingga sekarang namun tidak terkodifikasi dalam satu undang-undang khusus, Bentuk peranan yang dapat diberikan oleh dokter forensik antara lain Clinical Forensic Medicine peranan kedokteran forensik terhadap manusia hidup , dan Clinical Pathology peranan kedokteran forensik terhadap mayat , Standar kriteria ahli kedokteran forensik yaitu memiliki kemampuan dan keterampilan dengan level 4A mampu melakukan secara mandiri disertai dengan surat tanda registerasi dan surat izin praktek; Pendapat ahli kedokteran forensik berasal dari hasil pemeriksaan yang dilakukan secara langsung terhadap bukti-bukti yang ada dan disertai dengan visum et repertum memiliki pengaruh terhadap pertimbangan dan keyakinan hakim.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis analize forensic medicine expert role in providing expert 39 s testimony and its influence on judge 39 s conviction and consideration in determining criminal judgment in Indonesia. The scopes of the discussion are, how are the definition and quality of expert rsquo s testimony evidence in criminal procedure law of Indonesia how are the development of regulation, the form of the role, standard criteria of the forensic medicine expert in providing expert rsquo s testimony in criminal procedure law of Indonesia and how is influence of forensic medicine expert rsquo s testimony in the criminal judgment in Indonesia. The research method used normative juridical method by using statute approach, case approach, and comparative approach The data obtained will be described for later analyzed qualitatively and described systematically. The result of the research concludes that the definition of expert rsquo s testimony evidence in Indonesia refers to the Indonesia Criminal Procedure Code, which in practice is divided into three kinds of definitions and qualities, among others from the strongest quality Getuige Deskundige experts who provide testimony by conducting direct examination , Deskundige experts who provide testimony without conducting a direct examination , Zaakkundige experts who provide testimony but it can actually be studied by judges, public prosecutor and legal advisor The development of regulation on the role of forensic medicine experts began in the Dutch colonial era up to now but not codified in one particular law, The forms of the role that can be provided by forensic doctor such as Clinical Forensic Medicine the role of forensic medicine to human life and Clinical Pathology the role of forensic medicine against corpses , Standard criteria of forensic medicine expert are the ability and skill with level 4A able to do independently accompanied by letter of registration and license of practice Testimony of the forensic medicine expert, which derived from the results of a direct examination of the available evidence accompanied by visum et repertum has an influence on judge 39 s consideration and conviction.

Abstrak :
Pendapat ahli yang disampaikan dalam proses hukum harus dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara ilmiah, yang dikenal dengan evidence-based practice (EBP). Dalam kedokteran forensik, EBP belum diterapkan secara eksplisit, termasuk di Indonesia. Salah satu pendekatan potensial untuk merumuskan pendapat ahli berbasis bukti disebut dengan INFERENCE (INtegration of Forensic Epidemiology and the Rigorous EvaluatioN of Causation Elements). Selain itu, belum ada pedoman universal untuk membuat laporan patologi forensik. Salah satu pedoman yang potensial bernama PERFORM-P (Principles of evidence-based Reporting in FORensic Medicine-Pathology version). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode campuran (mixed-methods) melalui lima tahapan yang saling terkait yaitu (1) survei potong lintang untuk mengetahui karakteristik dokter forensik Indonesia dan praktiknya saat ini, (2) proses adaptasi dan validasi kedua alat tersebut melalui review oleh Kolegium Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik Indonesia, (3) studi pre-post intervention satu kelompok untuk menilai validitas dan reliabilitas pendapat ahli kedokteran forensik yang diformulasikan menggunakan i-INFERENCE (Indonesian-INFERENCE) dan dilaporkan menggunakan i-PERFORM-P (Indonesian-PERFORM-P), (4) studi kasus analitik menggunakan i-INFERENCE, dan (5) diskusi kelompok terfokus untuk mengeksplorasi kepuasan pelanggan terhadap i-INFERENCE dan i-PERFORM-P. Seluruh penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Jakarta (secara luring dan daring) sejak bulan Desember 2017 sampai Juli 2022. i-INFERENCE dan i-PERFORM-P dapat meningkatkan validitas pendapat ahli kedokteran forensik. Kedua alat tersebut berpotensi untuk digunakan dalam setting Indonesia dengan beberapa tambahan/klarifikasi dalam pedoman pengguna. Keduanya juga mendapat sambutan yang umumnya positif, baik dari pengguna potensial (dokter forensik Indonesia) maupun oleh konsumen (jaksa dan hakim) meskipun diperlukan upaya lebih dalam menggunakannya. Peserta membayangkan bahwa kedua alat tersebut akan sangat berguna dalam kasus yang rumit. Dengan adanya i-INFERENCE dan i-PERFORM-P dokter forensik Indonesia diharapkan lebih siap dalam menganalisis dan melaporkan kasus yang kompleks, serta implementasi EBP dapat ditingkatkan. ......Expert opinions presented in legal proceedings should be scientifically accountable, which is known as evidence-based practice (EBP). In forensic medicine, EBP has not been explicitly applied, including in Indonesia. One potential approach to formulate evidence-based expert opinions is called INFERENCE (INtegration of Forensic Epidemiology and the Rigorous EvaluatioN of Causation Elements). Additionally, there is also no universal guideline for making forensic pathological reports. One prospective guideline is the PERFORM-P (Principles of Evidencebased Reporting in FORensic Medicine-Pathology version). This study uses a mixed-method through five interrelated phases, i.e., (1) a cross-sectional survey to determine the characteristics of Indonesian forensic doctors and their current practice, (2) the adaptation and validation process of the two tools through a review by the Indonesian College of Forensic Medicine, (3) a one-group pre-post intervention study to assess the validity and reliability of forensic medical expert opinions formulated using i-INFERENCE (Indonesian-INFERENCE) and reported using i-PERFORM-P (Indonesian-PERFORM-P), (4) an analytic case study using i-INFERENCE, and (5) a focused group discussion to explore customer satisfaction towards i-INFERENCE and i-PERFORM-P. This study was conducted in Jakarta (online and offline) from December 2017 until July 2022. i-INFERENCE and iPERFORM-P can increase the validity of forensic medical expert opinions. Both tools can potentially be used in the Indonesian setting with some additions/clarifications in the user manuals. They also received a generally positive reception, both by potensial user (Indonesian forensic medical doctors) and by consumers (public prosecutors and judges) albeit the extra effort that is needed in using them. Participants envision that both tools will be most useful in complex cases. By obtaining the i-INFERENCE and the i-PERFORM-P, Indonesian forensic medical doctors are better equipped in analyzing and reporting complex cases, and the implementation of EBP can be improved.

Abstrak :
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Abstrak :
La diagnosi è un processo indiziario in cui l’anamnesi suggerisce le ipotesi di malattia e gli esami strumentali forniscono le prove. Nel caso della medicina legale lo specialista realizza la sintesi finale esprimendosi sull’eventuale presenza e il grado di una menomazione. La "Guida alla valutazione medico-legale del danno neurologico” facilita il procedimento che, partendo dall’osservazione del periziando, ne diagnostica la sindrome e ne quantifica l’invalidità. È perciò rivolta al medico-legale e a tutti i professionisti che in ambito pubblico o privato (Responsabilità Civile, Assicurazione Privata, Infortunistica del Lavoro, Invalidità Civile) devono pronunciarsi sull'esistenza e sull’entità di un deficit invalidante.