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"Belakangan permasalahan perubahan iklim menjadi bahasan di seluruh dunia, termasuk upaya mitigasi perubahan iklim. Di Indonesia sendiri salah satu bentuk upaya mitigasi perubahan iklim adalah melalui penerapan Standar Euro 4. Hal ini dilakukan agar salah satu sektor yakni transportasi dapat menurunkan kadar emisi karbon dioksida. Namun, berlakunya Keputusan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Alam Nomor 218.K/MG.01/MEM.M/2022 Tahun 2022 dapat menghambat upaya mitigasi tersebut. Selain itu, pemberlakuan aturan tersebut juga berimplikasi terhadap beberapa permasalahan lainnya seperti adanya peruntukan pengguna yang ambigu dan alokasi dana yang tidak efisien juga dapat dinilai sebagai potensi hambatan daripada upaya mitigasi perubahan iklim yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia. Terlebih sebenarnya terdapat kebijakan yang dapat dicontoh oleh Pemerintah Indonesia mengenai kebijakan subsidi bahan bakar minyak yang dilakukan oleh negara lain seperti Thailand dan Belanda. Adapun pada tulisan ini berargumen bahwa kebijakan subsidi bahan bakar minyak yang diterapkan pemerintah, seharusnya selain memang bertujuan mensejahterakan masyarakat maka juga harus berwawasan lingkungan.

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Recently, the issue of climate change has become a topic of discussion throughout the world, including climate change mitigation efforts. In Indonesia itself, one form of climate change mitigation effort is through the implementation of the Euro 4 Standard. This is done so that one of the sectors, namely transportation, can reduce carbon dioxide emission levels. However, the enactment of Decree of the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources Number 218.K/MG.01/MEM.M/2022 of 2022 could hamper these mitigation efforts. Apart from that, the implementation of this regulation also has implications for several other problems, such as ambiguous user designation and inefficient allocation of funds which can also be considered as potential obstacles to climate change mitigation efforts carried out by the Indonesian Government. Moreover, there are actually policies that can be emulated by the Indonesian government regarding fuel subsidy policies implemented by other countries such as Thailand and the Netherlands. This article argues that the fuel subsidy policy implemented by the government, apart from being aimed at improving the welfare of society, should also be environmentally friendly"

"Most vehicles run on fossil fuels, and this presents a major emissions problem as demand for fuel continues to increase. Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies gives an overview of key developments in advanced fuels and vehicle technologies to improve the energy efficiency and environmental impact of the automotive sector.Part I considers the role of alternative fuels such as electricity, alcohol, and hydrogen fuel cells, as well as advanced additives and oils, in environmentally sustainable transport. Part II explores methods of revising engine and vehicle design to improve environmental performance and fuel economy. It contains chapters on improvements in design, aerodynamics, combustion, and transmission. Finally, Part III outlines developments in electric and hybrid vehicle technologies, and provides an overview of the benefits and limitations of these vehicles in terms of their environmental impact, safety, cost, and design practicalities.Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies is a standard reference for professionals, engineers, and researchers in the automotive sector, as well as vehicle manufacturers, fuel system developers, and academics with an interest in this field."

"Bioavtur merupakan bahan bakar alternatif yang berasal dari minyak nabati pengganti bahan bakar konvensional avtur. Bioavtur dapat disintesis melalui jalur proses hidrodeoksigenasi dan perengkahan katalitik yang dipengaruhi oleh katalis. Tingkat keberhasilan sintesis bioavtur dengan katalis dipengaruhi karakteristik dan aktivitas katalis yang digunakan. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi karakteristik dan aktivitas katalis yaitu metode preparasi.Penelitian ini berfokus pada metode preparasi katalis dengan membandingkan metode preparasi konvensional impregnasi dan terbaru microwave polyol. Metode impregnasi memanfaatkan pengadukan hingga 24 jam sedangkan microwave polyol memanfaatkan microwave untuk pemanasan cepat yang berfungsi untuk mengembankan inti aktif.Dari hasil uji bilangan iodin, didapatkan nilai bilangan iodin tertinggi sebesar 639,85 mg iodin/gram katalis pada sampel NMZ-IMP-10. Dari uji karakterisasi BET didapatkan katalis memiliki luas permukaan terbesar yaitu NMZ-IMP-10 yang disintesis dengan metode impregnasi sebesar 232,18 m2/gram dan hasil dari karakterisasi XRD memiliki rata rata ukuran kristal sebesar 32,90 nm.Katalis diuji aktivitasnya pada reaksi perengkahan katalitik green diesel hasil konversi hidrodeoksigenasi asam oleat untuk menghasilkan bioavtur. Reaksi dilakukan dengan 1 massa katalis pada suhu 375oC, tekanan atmosfir dan kecepatan pengaduk 800 rpm selama 90 menit. Hasil reaksi tersebut memiliki konversi yang cukup tinggi sebesar 84,30, serta selektivitas dan yield bioavtur yang masih rendah sebesar 36,43 dan 34,77.

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Bioavture is an alternative fuel derived from vegetable oil substitutes for conventional aviation fuel. Bioavture can be synthesized through hydrodeoxigenation and catalytic cracking process pathways that influenced by the catalyst. The success rates of bioavture synthesis with catalysts influenced by the characteristic and activity of the catalysts. One factor that influence the catalyst characteristic and activity is the preparation method.

This study focuses on the preparation method of catalyst by comparing the conventional method of impregnation and the latest microwave polyol method. The impregnation method utilizes stirring up to 24 hours while microwave polyol utilizes a microwave for rapid heating which serves to expand the active core.

From result of iodine number test, got highest iodine value value equal to 639,85 mg iodine gram catalyst from sample NMZ IMP 10. From the BET characterization test the catalyst has the largest surface area of NMZ IMP 10 synthesized by impregnation method of 232.18 m2 gram and the result of XRD characterization has an average crystal size of 32.90 nm.

The catalyst was tested for its activity in the catalytic green cracking reaction of diesel from the conversion of oleic acid hydrodeoxygenation to produce bioatvure. The reaction was carried out with 1 of the catalyst mass at 375 C, atmospheric pressure and stirring speed of 800 rpm for 90 min. The reaction resulted with high enough conversion rate of 84.30, but low bioavture selectivity and yield of 36.43 and 34.77."

"Penghematan energi dan upaya mencari bahan bakar alternatif yang terbarukan seperti bioetanol perlu dilakukan saat ini. Produksi bioetanol dapat ditingkatkan diantaranya dengan mengoptimasi temperatur fermentasi dan waktu retensiya. Waktu retensi dipengaruhi oleh laju reaksi pembentukan, yang dalam penelitian ini akan diteliti lebih lanjut mengenai konstanta laju reaksi pembentukan bioetanol. Pada penelitian ini akan diproduksi bioetanol berbasis tandan kosong sawit TKS. TKS terlebih dahulu didelignifikasi untuk menghilangkan kandungan ligninnya, kemudian TKS tersebut dikonversi menjadi bioetanol dengan menggunakan metode Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation SSF. Pada proses ini, suhu reaksi divariasikan yaitu 30, 33, dan 35 agar diperoleh suhu terbaik, dengan pengambilan sampel setiap 24 jam selama 4 hari. Kondisi terbaik pada penelitian dicapai pada suhu 30 dengan waktu sakarifikasi dan fermentasi selama 24 jam. Koefisien kinetika yang diperolah pada kondisi terbaik tersebut yaitu maximum spesific growth reaction rate ?max = 0,008 h-1; monod constant Ks = 0,005 g/dm3; specific natural death constant Kd = 0,011 h-1; dan cell maintenance constant m = 0,457 h-1.

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It is necessary for energy savings as well as searching for alternative renewable fuels, such as bioethanol. Bioethanol production could be improved such as by optimizing the fermentation temperature and retention time. The retention time is influenced by the rate of reaction formation, which in this study will be further examined on the reaction rate constant formation of bioethanol. In this research, bioethanol will be produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches EFB. Empty fruit bunches of oil palm EFB will undergo delignification process to remove its lignin content, then cellulosic rich oil palm empty fruit bunches EFB will then be converted into bioethanol using Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation SSF method. In this process, the reaction temperature variation 30, 33, and 35 performed to determine the optimum temperature, with sampling every 24 hours for 4 days. The optimum conditions in the study achieved at a temperature of 30 C in 24 hour of sacarification and fermentation. Meanwhile, the kinetic coefficients achieved in this optimum condition are maximum spesific growth reaction rate max 0,008 h 1 monod constant Ks 0,005 g dm3 specific natural death constant Kd 0,011 h 1 and cell maintenance constant m 0,457 h 1."

"ABSTRAKProses produksi semen di Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa menggunakan bahan bakar alternatif yang terdiri dari biomass, RDF, dan limbah B3. Logam berat yang hilang dalam proses pembakaran tersebut yaitu Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu dan Ni secara berturut-turut adalah sebesar78,65 , 50 , 63 , 50 , 43,93 , dan 27 .. Sedangkan, terdapat perbedaaan konsentrasi logam berat yang hilang dalam padatan dengan konsentrasi logam berat dalam gas buang. Konsentrasi logam berat yang hilang selama proses produksi untuk Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, dan Ni secara berturut-turut adalah 1,056 x 106 mg/m3, 9 x 103 mg/m3, 2,48 x 105 mg/m3, 3,3 x 104 mg/m3, 5,23 x 106 mg/m3 , dan 2,66 x 106 mg/m3. Sedangkan, untuk konsentrasi logam berat Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu dan Ni dalam gas buang adalah sebesar 0,0008 mg/m3, 0,0002 mg/m3, 0,001 mg/m3, 0,0095mg/m3, 0,0148 mg/m3, 0,0212 mg/m3.

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ABSTRACTIn process of cement manufacturing at Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa uses alternative fuels consisting of biomass, RDF, and hazardous waste. The heavy metals lost in such process are Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, and Ni respectively of78,65 , 50 , 63 , 50 , 43,93 , and 27 . There is a difference in the concentration of heavy metals lost in solids with heavy metal concentrations in the flue gas. The concentrations of heavy metals lost during the production process for Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, and Ni were 1,056 x 106 mg m3, 9 x 103 mg m3, 2.48 x 105 mg m3, 3,3 x 104 mg m3, 5.23 x 106 mg m3, and 2.66 x 106 mg m3. As for the concentrations of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu and Ni in the flue gas are 0.0008 mg m3, 0.0002 mg m3, 0.001 mg m3, 0.0095mg m3, 0.0148 Mg M3, 0.0212 mg m3."