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"Ganoderma lucidum (hereafter G. lucidum) has been known as a food and raw material used in the development of medications because of its high content of polysaccharides, or ?-glucans, which support the immune function. In this work, subcritical water was applied to utilize G. lucidum for the extraction of polysaccharides at temperatures of 373–463K and a pressure level of 4.0 MPa using a semi-batch system. Furthermore, these extracts were atomized and contacted with hot air to produce microsphere particles. During extraction, thermal softening of G. lucidum occurred, allowing the removal of the polysaccharides and protecting other constituents in G. lucidum via hydrolysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the microsphere particles formed were spherical and dimpled or shriveled particles with diameters varying from 1 to 6 ?m. Characteristics of the molecular mass revealed that main massed peaks of water soluble products were distributed at around 688–2636 m/z with a peak-to-peak mass difference of 162 m/z, consistent with the repeating unit of the glucans."

"Industri kelapa sawit berperan penting dalam perekonomian Indonesia. Namun, penyakit Busuk Pangkal Batang oleh Ganoderma boninense mengancam perkebunan kelapa sawit. Pengembangan agen biokontrol diperlukan sebagai alternatif dari penggunaan fungisida. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, kultur tunggal Bacillus siamensis LDR, Bacillus sp. TKA6A, dan Stenotrophomonas maltophilia G17 berhasil menghambat pertumbuhan Ganoderma boninense. Pada penelitian ini, ketiga bakteri tersebut disatukan sebagai ko-kultur. Uji Antagonis dan Antibiosis dilakukan untuk melihat kemampuan ko-kultur dalam menghambat Ganoderma boninense. Efektivitas hambatan direpresentasikan sebagai nilai Persentase Hambatan Pertumbuhan Radial (PHPR). Uji Antagonis dilakukan dengan metode pour plate dan paper disc dual culture pada medium Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) dan Plate Count Agar (PCA). Berdasarkan pengujian, nilai PHPR pada metode pourplate mencapai 100% di kedua medium, sedangkan pada metode dual culture, nilai PHPR pada medium PCA (46,88%) lebih tinggi dibandingkan medium PDA (32,80%). Sementara itu, Fermentasi ko-kultur bakteri pada uji antibiosis dilakukan di dalam medium NB dengan dua variabel perlakuan, yakni lama fermentasi dan sumber karbon. Uji Antibiosis dengan filtrat hasil fermentasi dilakukan dengan metode Pour plate dan agar well diffusion. Uji antibiosis dengan metode pour plate memperoleh hambatan sebesar 100% pada ketiga variasi medium fermentasi, dan 94,94% pada variasi 5 hari di medium NB+Glukosa. Di samping itu, nilai PHPR pada metode agar well diffusion berkisar dalam rentang 22.57% sampai 43,74%. Perlu dilakukan analisis lebih lanjut mengenai kandungan senyawa antifungi yang dapat dihasilkan oleh ko-kultur tersebut serta pengembangan aplikasi ko-kultur pada tahap pembibitan kelapa sawit.

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The oil palm industry is crucial to the economic growth of Indonesia. However, Basal Stem Rot disease caused by Ganoderma boninense poses a significant threat. This study aimed to develop biocontrol agents as an alternative to environmentally harmful fungicides. Previous research demonstrated that single cultures of Bacillus siamensis LDR, Bacillus sp. TKA6A, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia G17 inhibit Ganoderma boninense. In this research, the inhibiton activities against Ganoderma boninense of these strains in co-culture were evaluated through antagonist and antibiosis assays, presenting results as Growth Inhibition Rates (GIR). Antagonistic tests, conducted using the pour plate method and paper disc dual culture on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Plate Count Agar (PCA) media, showed 100% inhibition with the pour plate method on both media. The dual culture method revealed higher GIR on PCA (46.88%) compared to PDA (32.80%). Antibiosis tests involved fermenting the co-culture in Nutrient Broth (NB) medium with varying fermentation durations and carbon sources. The pour plate method using fermentation filtrate achieved 100% inhibition across all media variations, with 94.94% in the 7-day NB+Glucose medium. GIR values from the agar well diffusion method ranged from 22.57% to 43.74%. Further analysis is required to identify antifungal compounds produced by the co-culture and to develop applications for co-culture in palm oil nurseries.

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"Kendala yang sering dihadapi pada pertanian adalah hama tanaman yang dapat mengganggu produktivitas tanaman pangan. Pemberantasan hama sering menggunakan pestisida kimiawi yang dapat berdampak buruk pada lingkungan dan tanaman. Salah satu alternatif mengatasi permasalahan tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan mikroorganisme sebagai biokontrol bagi hama tanaman. Mikroorganisme diketahui berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol, dan aktivitas tersebut dapat diuji dengan  Antibiosis. Aktivitas antibiosis terlihat sebagai kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan suatu mikroorganisme terhadap mikroorganisme lain. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji antibiosis dan aktivitas enzim dari empat isolat basil Gram negatif yaitu TTM, TTO, TKL, TTH, terhadap fungi Fusarium oxysporum dan Ganoderma boninense. Keempat isolat bakteri difermentasikan dalam medium Nutrient broth (NB) selama 6, 9, dan 12 hari, pada suhu inkubasi 39oC. Uji antibiosis dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan cylinder diffusion method. Hasil uji antibiosis menunjukkan bahwa hanya isolat TTH dan TTM yang memiliki potensi untuk menghambat fungi Ganoderma boninense  dalam fermentasi hari ke 6,9, dan 12. Hasil uji aktivitas enzim menunjukkan bahwa hanya isolat TTO yang memiliki aktivitas kitinolitik.

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One of the common challenges in agriculture is the presence of plant pests that can disrupt the productivity of food crops. Pest control often relies on the use of chemical pesticides, which can have negative impacts on the environment and plants. One alternative to address this issue is the utilization of microorganisms as biocontrol agents for plant pests. Microorganisms are known to have the potential as biocontrol agents, and this activity can be tested through antibiosis. Antibiosis activity is observed as the ability to inhibit the growth of one microorganism by another. In this study, antibiosis and enzyme activity tests were conducted on four isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, namely TTM, TTO, TKL, and TTH, against the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Ganoderma boninense. The four bacterial isolates were fermented in Nutrient Broth (NB) medium for 6, 9, and 12 days at an incubation temperature of 39°C. The antibiosis test was qualitatively performed using the cylinder diffusion method. The results of the antibiosis test showed that only the TTH and TTM isolates had the potential to inhibit the Ganoderma boninense fungi during the 6th, 9th, and 12th days of fermentation. The enzyme activity test results indicated that only the TTO isolate exhibited chitinolytic activity."