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"Dealing with volcanic and seismic activity, this book comprises eighteen papers, most of which were presented at an international seminar organized and held at the Complutense University of Madrid in October 2001. It addresses geodetic, geophysical and geochemical effects; monitoring; and theoretical modelling of volcanic and seismic processes."

"Promoting Community's Pro-activeness in Confronting Natural Hazards through Community Based Disaster Management Organisation: The Case of Paguyuban Sabuk Gunung MerapiDue to its particular geo-morphological conditions, Indonesia has experienced numerous natural hazards of different types and frequencies. These natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts, and landslides in most cases have led to natural disasters. Indonesia is placed third by the Asian Development Bank in its observation of 13 - Asian countries most susceptible to natural disasters Philippines and India, in terms of severity of the disasters and their cumulative frequencies of occurrence. Whereas a number of global decisions have been taken that signify the need to pay proper attention to disaster management as part of development, regretfully disaster management policy and programs in this disaster prone country have only been rhetoric. Measures by the Government, private sector and civil society including NGOs are largely relief and rehabilitation oriented rather than focusing on prevention and preparedness.

Relief responses invariably put the community affected by the natural disaster at the receiving end of assistance rather than actively involve the community in the process of the disaster management. This raises concerns since it is the affected community that suffers the most from any impacts of disaster occurrences, but at the same time it is inevitably the affected community that is in the position to provide initial assistance to the natural disaster victims. In addition to the lack of supports, efforts to promote disaster preparedness at the affected community level are challenged by the apprehension that the affected community adopts a fatalistic attitude in dealing with natural disasters. There is an assumption that particularly in developing countries, natural disasters have been accepted as acts of God over which communities have no control. Encouragingly, literature and cases from other countries have suggested that disaster management is most effective at the community level where specific local needs are met. They have also suggested the plausibility of establishing and developing a community based organization to perform the disaster management.

Looking into the country situation, however, there has been insufficient knowledge about community based disaster management organizations in Indonesia. Since this issue has not been addressed, this research studied Paguyuban Sabuk Gunung (PASAG) Merapi. This organization has been assumed to provide empirical evidence to answer the central research question of the plausibility of establishing and developing a community based disaster management organization in Indonesia. The study develops a framework to seek answer(s) to the ultimate question of whether PASAG (Paguyuban Sabuk Gunung) Merapi is indeed a community based disaster management organization. The answer(s) will be utilized to explain the above-presumed plausibility.

The framework explores the community based modality and disaster management proficiency dimensions of the study subject. The dimensions are further examined by assessment areas derived from the combination of the insights provided by the theories on Reasoned Actions, Disaster Management and Community Based Organization. The assessment areas within the community based modality dimension are:

1. the geographic proximity as the setting of the organization;

2. the shared problems the organization attempts to address;

3. its relation toward the government; and

4. its ability to accommodate issues arising in the community.

As to the other dimension, the study identified PASAG's proficiency in disaster management by assessing how far the organization applies risk reduction principles of hazard mitigation and vulnerability reduction as well as capacity strengthening measures in the pre-disaster phase. This research has focused on the pre-disaster phase due to the combined reasons of the limited scope of the study and the attribute of the phase indicative of a more pro-active attitude toward natural hazards compared to measures undertaken during and post disaster phases. The assessment areas on the proficiency in disaster management dimension are:

1. PASAG's performance to mitigate hazards in preparedness measures;

2. PASAG's performance to strengthen community's capacity for preparedness;

3. PASAG's performance to mitigate hazards in prevention measures; and

4. PASAG's performance to strengthen community's capacity for prevention

The assessment of both the community based modality and disaster management proficiency of Paguyuban Sabuk Gunung (PASAG) Merapi has provided sufficient evidence that this organization is a community based disaster management organization. This affirmative answer to the research question has confirmed the viability of establishing and developing such an organization in Indonesia. The case of PASAG also proves that the community has acquired competence in "deconstructing" (assessing and addressing) nature-induced disasters. This competence, which has enabled the community to exercise a calculated course of actions against natural hazards, is transferable to tackle other challenges namely political, economic, social, and environmental imperatives of community development as suggested by the Holistic Approach to disasters. The case, thus, has demonstrated how the Holistic Approach and its derivative Risk Reduction Paradigm, in which Community Based Disaster Management is anchored, at work advocating for the goal of Community Development for which a community based disaster management organization will play a significant role.

Arriving at this positive conclusion, the study puts forward academic recommendations including a proposed model of facilitating the establishment of a community based disaster management organization, recommendations for enabling policy in the area of disaster management, and practical suggestions for those involved in and committed to the development of PASAG Merapi."

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Tanah longsor merupakan pergerakan material pembentuk lereng (tanah, batuan, dan campurannya) pada bidang longsor atau lereng yang bergerak secara cepat atau singkat dalam jumlah atau volume yang relatif besar. Selama 10 tahun terakhir telah terjadi lebih dari 125 kasus tanah longsor di Kabupaten Banyumas dan menghasilkan banyak kerugian dan korban. Pembuatan peta kerentanan tanah longsor menjadi salah satu solusi untuk dapat mengurangi kerugian akibat tanah longsor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan zona kerentanan tanah longsor di Kabupaten Banyumas menggunakan metode analysis hierarchy process (AHP) dan metode frequency ratio (FR). Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan data kejadian tanah longsor sebanyak 125 titik yang dibagi menjadi 2 set data yaitu training data (70%) dan testing data (30%). Pengolahan dan analisis untuk membuat peta kerentanan terhadap dua metode dilakukan menggunakan training data dengan acuan delapan parameter yang berpengaruh terhadap tanah longsor, yaitu kemiringan lereng, elevasi, arah lereng, litologi, curah hujan, penggunaan lahan, jarak terhadap sungai, dan jarak terhadap sesar. Hasil pengolahan data dan analisis menggunakan kedua metode adalah dua buah peta kerentanan tanah longsor yang masingmasingnya dibagi menjadi empat kelas kerentanan. Peta kerentanan juga divalidasi menggunakan training data (success rate) dan testing data (predictive rate) untuk mengetahui akurasi model yang dibuat. Hasil validasi menunjukkan kedua metode menghasilkan nilai AUC yang cukup baik dan dapat diterima, tetapi metode AHP memiliki nilai AUC yang lebih tinggi dari metode FR.

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Landslides are the rapid or sudden movement of materials forming slopes (soil, rocks, and their mixtures) in large amounts or volumes. Over the past 10 years, there have been more than 200 cases of landslides in Banyumas Regency, resulting in significant losses and casualties. The creation of a landslide vulnerability map is one solution to reduce the damages caused by landslides. This study aims to determine the zone of landslide vulnerability in Banyumas Regency using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Frequency Ratio (FR) methods. The study utilizes data from 100 landslide incidents, divided into two sets: training data (70%) and testing data (30%). Processing and analysis to create vulnerability maps for both methods are carried out using the training data with reference to eight parameters influencing landslides: slope gradient, elevation, slope aspect, lithology, rainfall, land use, distance to rivers, distance to faults, and distance to roads. The processing and analysis results using both methods produce two landslide vulnerability maps, each divided into four vulnerability classes. The vulnerability maps are also validated using the training data (success rate) and testing data (predictive rate) to assess the accuracy of the models created. The validation results indicate different values for the success rate and predictive rate, where the frequency ratio method has a higher success rate, and the AHP method has a higher predictive rate.

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"Seismic hazard map in Indonesian bedrock was part of the Indonesian standard describeng seismic hazard for Indonesia territory and used as one of significant load in structure design. Recent earthquake with big intensity surely can effect the seismic hazard in Indonesia. Therefore, seismic hazard map in Sumatera, Java-Sumba and Kalimantan was developed as part of seismic hazard analysis in Indonesia using the latest data, 3D seismic source model and PSHA-07-USGS software and publicized in this paper. The seismic hazard analysis was refer to Unified Building Code 97 and represent the 475 year return period seismic hazard map in Sumatera, Java-Sumba and Kalimantan. The result showed that maximum PGA for Sumatera ranges between 0.02-0.65 g, Java- Sumba 0.02-0.65 g and Kalimantan 0.005 - 0.2 g. All result showed a larger value than seismic hazard map in the than Indonesian Standar (SNI 03-1726-2002). Comparison with the other studies showed a comparative result only in Sumatera, while in Java-Sumba and Kalimantan shown a disagree result. Some factors can affect the result, such as seismic data, seismic source model and attenuation function selection."

"ABSTRAKTanah longsor merupakan salah satu bencana alam yang seringmelanda wilayah Indonesia. Dalam hal bencana tanah longsor, Provinsi JawaBarat menduduki urutan teratas dibandingkan provinsi lainnya. Sekitar jalanPacet-Cianjur termasuk dalam Kawasan Bogor-Puncak-Cianjur (Bopunjur) diprovinsi Jawa Barat.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik dantipologi dari kejadian tanah longsor di lokasi penelitian. Variabel yangdigunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah lereng, curah hujan, jenis batuan, jenisdan kedalaman efektif tanah dan penggunaan tanah.Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik umum darilokasi kejadian tanah longsor di wilayah penelitian didominasi oleh lereng >40 %, curah hujan > 3000 mm/tahun, jenis batuan breksi vulkanik danbatupasir tufaan Gunung Gede, jenis tanah Regosol dengan kedalamanefektif tanah > 90 cm dan penggunaan tanah untuk persawahan.Sebagian besar tipologi dari jenis tanah longsor adalah tipe longsorantranslasi. Berdasarkan Peta Direktorat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi BencanaGeologi (DVMBG) sebagian besar kejadian tanah longsor berada padatingkat kerawanan menengah."

"ABSTRAKUntuk melakukan mitigasi bencana gempa bumi di Kabupaten Pandeglang, wilayah rawan gempa bumi dan wilayah kerentanan terhadap gempa bumi perlu ditentukan. Wilayah rawan gempa bumi Kabupaten Pandeglang ditentukan oleh nilai PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration), struktur geologi, litologi dan kemiringan lereng melalui sistem skoring. Setelah diketahui wilayah rawan gempa bumi maka diidentifikasikan grid yang mewakili wilayah tersebut sebagai daerah penelitian. Identifikasi rawan gempa bumi, kepadatan dan kualitas bangunan pada permukiman daerah penelitian dilakukan melalui sistem grid dan survei lapang. Dengan menganalisis rawan gempa bumi, kepadatan dan kualitas bangunan maka dihasilkan wilayah kerentanan terhadap gempa bumi di Kabupaten Pandeglang bagian barat (studi kasus sebagian Kecamatan Cigeulis, Cimanggu dan Sumur). Wilayah kerentanan tinggi terhadap gempa bumi terletak pada permukiman Desa Sumberjaya Kecamatan Sumur. Wilayah kerentanan sedang terletak pada permukiman Desa Cimanggu dan Tangkilsari Kecamatan Cimanggu. Sedangkan wilayah kerentanan rendah terletak pada permukiman Desa Tangkilsari Kecamatan Cimanggu, Desa Kertajaya dan Kertamukti Kecamatan Sumur.

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ABSTRACTTo mitigate damage from earthquake disaster in Pandeglang Regency, earthquake hazard region and vulnerability region to earthquake has to determined. Earthquake hazard region in Pandeglang Regency is determined by the value of PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration), geological structure, lithology and slope. To determine the hazard earthquake region, scoring method is used. After determine earthquake hazard region, grid which represents the earthquake hazard region is identified. The grid is research?s area. Earthquake hazard, density and quality of construction in settlements of research?s area are identified by grid system and survey. Vulnerability region to earthquake in the west Pandeglang Regency (case studies : part of Cigeulis, Cimanggu and Sumur District) is determined by analyzed earthquake hazard, density and quality of construction. High vulnerability region to earthquake is located in settlements of Sumberjaya Village Sumur District. Moderate vulnerability region to earthquake is located in settlements of Cimanggu and Tangkilsari Village Cimanggu District. Low vulnerability region to earthquake is located in settlements of Tangkilsari Village Cimanggu District, Kertajaya and Kertamukti Village Sumur District."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang tingkat kerentanan letusan Gunung Gede pada daerah sekitar Gunung Gede dan juga tingkat risiko bencana letusan Gunung Gede di Kecamatan Cipanas dengan menghitung pengaruh faktor bahaya, kerentanan dan kapasitas. Untuk menghasilkan kelompok desa rentan yang memiliki kemiripan data digunakan metode K-Means Cluster. Terdapat 44 desa/kelurahan di Kabupaten Cianjur dan Kabupaten Sukabumi yang berada di wilayah bahaya letusan Gunung Gede. Desa yang memiliki tingkat kerentanan tinggi memiliki karateristik lokasi berbatasan langsung dengan lokasi puncak Gunung Gede sehingga faktor bahaya menjadi faktor utama tingginya tingkat kerentanan disuatu desa, karateristik ini dimiliki oleh desa-desa di Kabupaten CIanjur. Kerentanan tinggi juga ditemukan pada daerah - daerah yang tidak berbatasan langsung dengan lokasi Gunung Gede namun memiliki tingkat kerentanan tinggi dikarenakan faktor kerentanan sosial,ekonomi dan fisik yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan desa lain, karateristik ini dimiliki oleh desa-desa di Kabupaten Sukabumi yang berbatasan langsung dengan Kota Sukabumi. Nilai perkiraan kerugian akibat letusan Gunung Gede di Kecamatan Cipanas diperkirakan sebesar Rp 251,29 MilIar. Risiko letusan gunung gede dengan kelas risiko tinggi memiliki karateristik kerugian yang tinggi akibat bahaya letusan dan memiliki tingkat kerentanan tinggi. Desa dengan risiko rendah memiliki karateristik sebagian besar variabelnya memiliki nilai dibawah rata-rata dan juga memiliki kapasitas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan desa lain.

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This study discusses the vulnerability of the eruption of Mount Gede in the area around Mount Gede and also the level of risk of the eruption of Mount Gede in District Cipanas with calculate the influence of factors hazards, vulnerabilities and capacities. The generate of susceptible vilages that have similar data using KMeans Cluster. There are 44 villages in Cianjur and Sukabumi district who are in the danger zone eruption of Mount Gede. Villages that have a high of vulnerability has a characteristic location immediately adjacent to the location of the summit of Mount Gede, so the main danger factor to the high level of vulnerability factors sector in the village, this characteristic is owned by the village - the village in Cianjur. And also high vulnerability was found in the area - areas not directly adjacent to the location of Mount Gede, but has a high degree of vulnerability due to the vulnerability factors of social, economic and physical higher than other villages, this characteristic is owned by the village - the village in Sukabumi district directly adjacent to the Sukabumi City. Estimated value losses due to the eruption of Mount Gede in Cipanas district is estimated at Rp 251.29 billion. The risk of big volcanic eruptions with a high risk class has a characteristic high losses due to the danger of the eruption and has a high of vulnerability. Villages with a low risk of having most of the characteristics variables have a value below the average and also has a higher capacity than the other villages."

"Longsor merupakan bencana yag sering terjadi di Indonesia termasuk Kabupaten Kebumen. Sebaran potensi dan bahaya longsor dapat diidentifikasi dengan metode Indeks Storie. Tingkat potensi longsor Kabupaten Kebumen dikaji berdasarkan empat tipe curah hujan, kemiringan lereng, tekstur tanah, dan kerapatan sungai melalui penerapan metode indeks Storie dan bahaya longsor dengan penggunaan tanah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa potensi longsor di Kabupaten Kebumen terbagi menjadi tiga kelas, yaitu sangat rendah, rendah dan sedang. Wilayah potensi longsor sedang mendominasi daerah Kabupaten Kebumen sekitar 60 , tersebar di kecamatan kecamatan bagian tengah dari barat sampai timur. Bahaya longsor di Kabupaten Kebumen berada pada lima tingkat, yaitu sangat rendah, rendah, sedang, tinggi, dan sangat tinggi. Hampir separuh dari wilayah Kabupaten Kebumen tergolong sebagai wilayah bahaya longsor sangat tinggi, tersebar di kecamatan kecamatan bagian tengah dari barat sampai ke timur Kabupaten Kebumen.

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Landslide is a frequent disaster in Indonesia including Kebumen Regency. Potential and hazard of landslide can be identified by the Storie Index method. The potential landslide level of Kebumen Regency is assessed based on four types of rainfall, slope, soil texture, and river density through the application of Storie index method and landslide hazard with land use. The results showed that the potential of landslides in Kebumen Regency is divided into three classes, namely very low, low and medium. Potential landslide areas are dominating the area of Kebumen Regency about 60 , spread in the middle from west to east. Hazard of landslide in Kebumen Regency is at five levels, which is very low, low, medium, high, and very high. Almost half of Kebumen Regency classified as a very high landslide hazard area, spread in the middle from west to east of Kebumen Regency."

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Kota Palu sebagai bagian Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah secara tektonik berada dekat dengan sumber gempa aktif crustal, yaitu sesar segmen Sulawesi Tengah. Sesar tersebut terdiri dari banyak segmen, diantaranya yang sudah dikenal adalah Sesar Besar Palu-Koro memanjang dari utara ke selatan. Di ujung selatan terhubung sesar Matano dan di utara terhubung dengan subduksi Utara Sulawesi (North Sulawesi Subduction) dan Selat Makasar bagian utara. Pembangunan infrastruktur berbasis mitigasi kegempaan di Indonesia merujuk Peraturan Bangunan Tahan Gempa berdasarkan Peta Bahaya Gempabumi SNI 1726 Tahun 2019. Kota Palu dan wilayah sekitar sesar segmen Sulawesi Tengah menjadi wilayah yang perlu dilakukan penelitian dengan mempertimbangkan efek kondisi site lokal. Parameter kondisi lokal meliputi jenis situs tanah, periode dominan tanah metode Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) dan estimasi kedalaman bedrock menggunakan metoda Spatial Autocorrelation (SPAC) menjadi bagian parameter studi karakteristik ground motion di Kota Sulawesi Tengah. Penelitian ini menggunakan parameter gempa magnitudo gempa M_L 1,5-6,5. Pengolahan data ground motion menggunakan data hasil observasi sinyal 5 sensor Jaringan Strong motion Nasional BMKG sampling 100Hz, 5 sensor  jaringan strong motion terpasang sementara sampling 100Hz dan 25 sensor Jaringan Array Velocity Broadband dengan sampling 250 Hz. Jaringan khusus array ini hasil kerjasama BMKG dengan ANU (Australian National University) yang dipasang di sekitar Kota Palu dan dekat sesar segmen Sulawesi Tengah dalam durasi 3 bulan. Tujuan dalam studi ini adalah untuk mengkaji karakteristik dan pembangunan model ground motion segmen fault Sulawesi Tengah. Karakteristik ground motion model yang dibangun dikaji dari uji model regional dan lokal dengan katalog gempa utama (independent) dan gempa gabungan foreshock,mainshock dan aftershock (dependent). Hasilnya menunjukkan karakteristik ground motion hasil dependent mempunyai nilai hasil model yang lebih rendah dibandingan independent, fitting model regional menunjukkan hasil bervariasi tingkat kecocokannya terhadap data observasi masing-masing fault yaitu dengan melihat hasil garis korelasi terhadap data observasi dan hasil residualnya. Model tersebut diuji menggunakan data observasi gempa merusak 29 Mei 2017 Mw 6,6 dan gempa merusak 2018 magnitudo 7,4. Hasilnya menunjukkan model GMPE dependent mempunyai nilai estimasi GM-PGA model yang berada pada distribusi data observasi, sedangkan hasil model independent mempunyai tingkat kecocokan berada di atas sebaran data observasi. Sedangkan pengujian GMSA median M=3-4 dan M=4-5 model dependent dan independent terhadap dari data observasi M=3-4 dan M=4-5 di luar data pembangun model, menunjukkan hasil korelasi yang cukup baik terhadap dua model tersebut. Pemahaman kondisi site lokal menjadi sangat penting dan menjadi bagian dalam perhitungan GM-PGA dan dipertimbangkan dalam penentuan nilai estimasi tingkat goncangan dalam bagian desain infrastruktur mitigasi bencana gempa bumi.     

 

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Palu City in one major city in Indonesia which has administratively is the part of Central Sulawesi Province. It has the potential to develop the big infrastructure which has to consider mitigation aspect, due to tectonically it has located close to earthquake active source, particularly segments crustal zone of Central Sulawesi. Central Sulawesi fault has the many faults segmentation, it is called The Active Major Fault System of Central Sulawesi, as well known Palu Koro Fault System zone. It was along the north to southward close to Palu Valley. Development of infrastructure with earthquake hazard mitigation accordance to SNI 1726:2019. Local site classification parameters using the dominant period HVSR (Horizontal Vertical Spectral Ratio), estimation deep of engineering bedrock using SPAC method (Spatial Auto Correlation) as well done. The understanding of the local seismic condition and seismotectonic mechanism based on seismicity data are significantly contributing to know earlier the possibility of the amplification, which have related PGA value with the distance. In this study used 5 National Strong motion Network Station of  BMKG in Palu, 25 Array Network Broadband Velocity Temporarily Station of BMKG-ANU and 5 Regional Strong motion Network Temporarily Station along the Palu-Koro fault and short period for the mini regional network. The purpose of this research to study the characteristics of the local ground motion GM-PGA model from multi fault in Central of Sulawesi, with considered the local site effect.  All these parameters contribute to play roles within the form of the GMPE model.The characteristics of ground motion in this research using independent (mainshock)-independent (foreshock, mainshock, aftershock) regional and local earthquake catalog. The result showed characteristics of ground motion dependent has the calculated value is lower than independent, and the regional model showed the fitting variated to micro fault observed data. It can be seen using correlated regression and residuals. Moreover, when compared with two devastating earthquakes, 29th May 2017 Mw 6.6 and Palu earthquake Mw 7.4 showed that the dependent model is fitted well with distribution of observed data, while for the independent model is overestimated. Meanwhile to calibrate GMSA has used Median GMSA for M=3-4 and M=4-5 to GMSA data observed of M=3-4 and M=4-5. The results showed that the well correlated between of Median GMSA to data observed distribution. The Understanding of local seismic is very important to asses the related PGA value with the distance in GM-PGA and GMSA in GMPE. The GMPE model could be used to be considered in detail engineering design process to determine the level of potential shaking when implement development mitigation based.    

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