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Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian penggunaan faktor eksposi untuk pemeriksaan radiografi kepala proyeksi lateral, digunakan tiga pilihan faktor eksposi (FE), yaitu FE 1 : 66 kV, 8 mAs, FFD = 90 cm, tanpa tambahan filter ; FE 2 : 66 kV, 10 mAs, FFD = 90 cm, dengan tambahan filter 2 mmAl ; serta FE 3 : 70 kV, 10 mAs, FFD = 115 cm, dengan tambahan filter 2 mmAl. FE 1 merupakan kondisi yang biasa dilakukan di instalasi tersebut, FE 2 adalah modifikasi dari FE 1 dengan menambahkan filter tambahan dan nilai beban tabung (mAs) yang lebih tinggi, sedangkan FE 3 merupakan kondisi yang direkomendasikan oleh European Commission : European Guidelines on Quality Criteria for Diagnostic Radiographic Images. (1996). Dari hasil evaluasi citra oleh Radiolog, diketahui bahwa semua FE menghasilkan citra yang dapat digunakan untuk kepentingan diagnosa, sedangkan evaluasi citra fantom leeds mendapatkan nilai kontras terbaik pada pengukuran sensitifitas kontras-rendah dari FE 3 dengan nilai kontras 0.0135. Sedangkan ESD yang dihasilkan pada masing-masing FE sebesar 0,80 mGy; 0,54 mGy & 0,34 mGy untuk FE 1, FE 2, dan FE 3. Tetapi ESD yang dihasilkan dari ketiga faktor eksposi tersebut masih berada dibawah ESD yang direkomendasikan oleh European Commission, sebesar 3 mGy. Dari penelitian ini, maka faktor eksposi yang paling baik untuk digunakan pada pemeriksaan radiografi kepala proyeksi lateral adalah FE 3. Didapatkan penurunan ESD pada kondisi dengan menggunakan filter tambahan 2 mmAl dari kondisi yang tidak menggunakan filter tambahan 2 mmAl, sebesar 0,15 mGy - 0,75 mGy, atau sebesar 29,82 % - 74,77 %. ......Has been studied using exposure factor for radiographic examination of the skull on lateral projection, used three options exposure factor (FE), namely FE 1: 66 kV, 8 mAs, FFD = 90 cm, with no additional filters; FE 2: 66 kV, 10 mAs, FFD = 90 cm, with 2 additional filter mmAl; and FE 3: 70 kV, 10 mAs, FFD = 115 cm, with 2 additional filter mmAl. FE 1 is the usual condition in the installation, FE 2 is a modification of one by adding additional filters and tube load value (mAs) is higher, while the FE 3 is a condition recommended by the European Commission: European Guidelines on Quality Criteria for Diagnostic radiographic Images. (1996). From the results of image evaluation by the Radiologist, it is known that all FE, producing images that can be used for diagnosis, while the image evaluation using phantom leeds get the best contrast on the low-contrast sensitivity measurements of FE-3 with a value 0.0135. While the ESD generated at each FE of 0.80 mGy; 0.54 mGy to 0.34 mGy & FE 1, FE 2 and FE 3. But the ESD generated from these three exposure factors still under ESD valu that recommended by the European Commission, at 3 mGy. From this research, the best exposure factor to use on the skull radiographic lateral projection is FE 3. ESD reduction obtained by using the filters on the condition of 2 mmAl additional of conditions that do not use the filter additional 2 mmAl, are 0.15 mGy - 0.75 mGy, or equal to 29.82% - 74.77%.

Abstrak :
Pemeriksaan CT scan kepala sudah menjadi pemeriksaan rutin untuk kasus sakit kepala. Namun informasi dosis radiasi pemeriksaan CT scan kepala belum banyak diketahui. Informasi akan dosis ini sangatlah penting karena adanya organ yang sensitif terhadap radiasi seperti kelenjar thyroid, kelenjar air ludah, lensa mata dan otak kepala. Untuk mengetahui estimasi nilai dosis di organ kepala tersebut digunakan software ImPACT CT patient Dosimetry Calculator yang mengunakan nilai nCTDIw yang diperoleh dari hasil pengukuran menggunakan detektor bilik ionisasi pensil berukuran 100 mm dengan obyek phantom CTDI berukuran 160 mm sebagai salah satu faktor penghitungan. Dari 15 pasien diestimasi dosis ekivalen untuk dosis ekivalen thyroid 0.072 mSv - 0.33 mSv, Kelenjar air ludah berkisar 0.66 mSv - 0.8 mSv, otak kepala 0.66 mSv -0.8 mSv, Sedang untuk lensa mata dinyatakan dalam dosis organ karena alasan deterministik kemungkinan terjadinya katarak pada lensa mata karena radiasi, yakni sebesar 75 mGy - 91 mGy, serta total dosis efektif 3 mSv - 3.7 mSv, pada parameter uji 120 kV 300 mAs. Besar nilai dosis dipengaruhi oleh mAs, panjang scan dan pitch, sehingga proteksi radiasi terhadap organ thyroid harus dilakukan. ......Head CT scan has become a rutin procedure to rule out headache symptoms, but dose radiation influences is yet to be known . Information dose of head CT scan is very important because there are organ at risk such thyroid, saliva glands,brain and eye lens. Using nCTDIw values obtained from the measurement of 100 mm pencil ionization chamber on 16 cm CTDI phantom, combined with 15 patient data obtained from DICOM data patient, and estimated dose using imPACT CT patient dose calculator, estimated equivalent dose are, for thyroid 0.072 mSv - 0.33 mSv, saliva glands 0.66 mSv - 0.8 mSv, brain 0.66 mSv-0.8 mSv and the eye lens are mention in organ dose because of deterministic reason of cataract formation rather than for effective dose calculation are 75 mGy - 91 mGy and estimated total dose effective are 3 mSv - 3.71 mSv at 120 kV 300mAs. The dose value is influenced by mAs, lenght of scan and pitch, for futher attention of radiation protection for thyroid gland area must be done.

Abstrak :
Consists of diagnoses of all common disorders of the pediatric nervous system and many that are not common. For each diagnosis, information is included concerning the clinical presentation(s) of affected patients, the best sequences to perform for imaging analysis, what each imaging sequence is expected to show (in both common and uncommon presentations), and examples of images showing the key features. In addition, information is included concerning the pathophysiology and pathology of the disorders being discussed, and some basic information concerning the causative genes (when appropriate). In addition to the diagnoses, the book contains introductory chapters in multiple sections that give background on basic embryology, anatomy, and physiology as well as typical imaging features of normal structures in areas being imaged. Put together, the contents of the book make it useful for readers of many different backgrounds and at nearly all stages of training as well as practicing health professionals

Abstrak :
As a result of the increasing number of surgical procedures on the brain, head, neck, and spine, postoperative changes are being encountered more frequently on neuroradiological examinations. However, these findings are often unfamiliar to neuroradiologists and neurosurgeons and can be difficult to interpret. This book, which contains numerous images and to-the-point case descriptions, is a comprehensive yet concise reference guide to postsurgical neuroradiology. It will enable the reader to identify the type of surgery performed and the hardware implanted and to differentiate expected sequelae from complications. Topics reviewed include trauma, tumors, vascular disorders, and infections of the head, neck, and spine; cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities; and degenerative diseases of the spine. This book will serve as a unique and convenient resource for both neuroradiologists and neurosurgeons.