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"Masalah ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat yang semakin besar terjadi pada era desentralisasi. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dana perimbangan (DBH, DAU, DAK) terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat di 33 provinsi tahun 2006-2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa DBH, DAU, dan rasio belanja APBD terhadap PDRB meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat di daerah secara signifikan. Sedangkan DAK menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat di daerah secara signifikan. Sementara itu tingkat partisipasi sekolah di level universitas dan konstribusi sektor pertambangan terhadap PDRB meningkatkan ketimpangan, namun tidak signifikan dalam mempengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat. Sedangkan tingkat partisipasi sekolah di level SMU menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat namun tidak signifikan.

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The problem of income inequality occurred greater in the era of decentralization. This study aimed to determine the effect of equalization funds (DBH, DAU, DAK) against income inequality in 33 provinces in 2006-2013. The results showed that DBH, DAU, and the ratio of budget expenditures to the GRDP increased income inequality in the region significantly. DAK decreased income inequality in the region significantly. The rate of enrollment at the university level and the mining sector's contribution to the GRDP increased income inequalities, but not significant. While enrollment in the high school level decreased income inequality but not significant."

"This study investigates the relationship of a country's sophisticated products and institutional indicators on income inequality. Cross-country OLS and fixed-effects estimate regression analysis show that countries with productive economic structures have less inequality. Meanwhile, three government indicators in accountability, political stability, and the rule of law show mixed results. Using the system generalized method of moments (GMM) to control endogeneity, we find evidence of a causal link from economic complexity to income inequality in the short run. Meanwhile, the government's political stability is not a significant predictor."

"Ketimpangan pendapatan telah menjadi perhatian utama dalam ekonomi seiring dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam dinamika perdagangan internasional. Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana keterbukaan perdagangan dalam sektor manufaktur memengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan melalui pasar tenaga kerja. Dengan kata lain, penelitian ini menyelidiki bagaimana keterbukaan perdagangan manufaktur dapat menggeser permintaan tenaga kerja dan akhirnya mengakibatkan ketimpangan pendapatan di negara- negara ASEAN-4 dari tahun 2000 hingga 2022. Penelitian ini menggunakan volume perdagangan manufaktur untuk mewakili keterbukaan perdagangan manufaktur dan menggunakan pengangguran dengan pendidikan dasar untuk mewakili pasar tenaga kerja. Dengan menggunakan Metode Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-IV) dan Uji Bootstrap, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa volume perdagangan manufaktur mengurangi pengangguran dengan pendidikan dasar dan menyebabkan penurunan ketimpangan pendapatan di negara-negara ASEAN-4. Hasil ini sejalan dengan teorema Heckscher-Ohlin dan Stolper-Samuelson, yang menyarankan bahwa perdagangan seharusnya menguntungkan tenaga kerja tidak terampil di negara-negara berkembang yang memiliki sumber daya tenaga kerja melimpah.

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Income inequality has become a major concern in the economy alongside with the economic growth in the dynamics of international trade. This research examines how trade openness in the manufacturing sector affects income inequality through the labor market. In other words, it investigates how manufacturing trade openness can shift labor demand and ultimately result in income inequality in ASEAN-4 countries from 2000 to 2022. This research use manufacturing trade volume to represents the manufacturing trade openness and use unemployment with basic education to represent the labor market. By using the Generalized Method Of Moments (GMM-IV) and Bootstrap Test Method, this research finds that manufacturing trade volume reduces the unemployment with basic education and leads to a decrease in the income inequality in ASEAN-4 countries. The result is align with Heckscher-Ohlin and Stolper-Samuelson theorems, which suggest that trade should benefit unskilled labor in labor-abundant developing countries."

"Indonesia has been experiencing a rapid economic growth amid global crises in the United. States and the European Union countries. In addition, government expenditures in Indonesiahave also shown an increasing trend in recent years. Using panel data from 33 provinces inIndonesia from 2007 to 2012, this paper describes the current condition of GDP growth andgovernment expenditures, examines the relationship between government expenditure andeconomic growth, and formulates government expenditure policy in order to harmonize GDPgrowth, poverty alleviation, and income inequality. The result indicates that governmentexpenditure for development, such as building roads, hospital, bridges, electricity, and watersupply, has a significant and positive effect on the regional economic growth rate. Not onlycan government expenditures affect economic growth but it also can reduce poverty bystrengthening human capital through better education and health facilities."