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Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan secara empiris atas suatu teori Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) yang membahas dampak perdagangan internasional terhadap kualitas lingkungan. Pada penelitian ini, digunakan variabel ekspor-impor sebagai pendekatan variabel perdagangan internasional serta tingkat emisi CO2 sebagai pendekatan variabel tingkat kerusakan lingkungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel dengan mengambil sampel negara-negara anggota APEC dengan rentang waktu penelitian pada tahun 1991-2010. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode Fixed Effect, dan menggunakan variabel exspor dan impor dari sektor emisi tinggi sebagai variabel penguji teori PHH. Meskipun berdasarkan hasil regresi, ditemukan bukti yang lemah adanya teori PHH yang berlaku di negara anggota APEC, namun berdasarkan hasil analisa data tidak ditemukan adanya teori PHH, sehingga dapat dikatakan bukti atas teori PHH pada negara-negara anggota APEC masih ambigu. Selain itu, pada penelitian juga dimasukkan faktor sistem politik, tingkat korupsi, dimana berdasarkan hasil regresi, sistem politik dan ketimpangan berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap tingkat emisi CO2, sedangkan untuk tingkat korupsi tidak terbukti berpengaruh terhadap tingkat emisi CO2 di negara anggota APEC. ...... This study aims to demonstrate empirically on a theory of Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH), which discusses the impact of international trade on environmental quality. In this study, the export-import variable is used as a variable approach to international trade and the level of CO2 emissions as the variable approaches the level of environmental damage. This study uses panel data by taking a sample of APEC member countries with the study period in 1991-2010. Data were analyzed by using Fixed Effect, and uses a variable export and import of high-emissions sectors as variable theory PHH testers. Although based on the regression results, found a weak evidence of the existence of PHH prevailing theory in APEC member countries, but based on the results of the data analysis did not reveal any PHH evidence, so it can be said the existence of PHH theory in APEC member countries are still ambiguous. In addition, the study also included the political system factors, the level of corruption, which is based on the results of the regression, the political system and inequality significantly influence the level of CO2 emissions, while the level of corruption has not been proven to affect the level of CO2 emissions in APEC countries.

Abstrak :
World Trade Organization (WTO) merupakan organisasi internasional yang berperan penting dalam memastikan arus perdagangan global dapat berjalan dengan sesedikit mungkin hambatan. Akan tetapi, berdasarkan Pasal XX (b) GATT, anggota WTO dapat melakukan suatu tindakan perdagangan yang perlu dilakukan untuk melindungi kehidupan atau kesehatan manusia, hewan atau tumbuh-tumbuhan. Persetujuan Penerapan Tindakan-Tindakan Sanitari dan Fitosanitari (Persetujuan SPS) merupakan penjabaran dari ketentuan Pasal XX (b) GATT tersebut. Berdasarkan Persetujuan SPS, anggota WTO berhak menerapkan ketentuan-ketentuan yang diperlukan untuk melindungi kesehatan atau kehidupan manusia, hewan atau tumbuhan, dengan didasarkan pada prinsip-prinsip ilmiah dan bukti ilmiah yang cukup, serta tidak menciptakan diskriminasi sewenang-wenang atau pembatasan terselubung bagi perdagangan internasional. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan ilmiah dan teknis dalam penerapan Persetujuan SPS, Persetujuan SPS merujuk International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) sebagai organisasi internasional relevan untuk mendorong harmonisasi tindakan fitosanitari dengan didasarkan pada standar internasional yang diadopsi oleh IPPC. Penelitian ini menganalisa penerapan Persetujuan SPS dan IPPC pada tiga kasus di WTO, yakni Japan - Agricultural Products II (2001), Japan - Apples (2005) dan Australia – Apples (2011). ......World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization who plays an important role in ensuring that the global trade can works with a little barriers. However, pursuant to Article XX (b) GATT, WTO Members can perform an action trade necessary to protect human, animals or plants health or life. Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) is derived from the provision of Article XX (b) GATT. Based on the SPS Agreement, WTO Member have a right to take sanitary and phytosanitary measures necessary for the protection of human, animal, health or plant life or health, which is based on scientific principle and is not maintained without sufficient scientific evidence; and not unjustifiably discriminate or be applied in a manner which would constitute a disguised restriction on international trade. For the fulfilment of scientific and technical need within the application of SPS Agreement, SPS Agreement refers International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) as an international organization relevant, to encourage harmonisation of phytosanitary measures, based on international standards which adopted by IPPC. This thesis analyzes the application of the SPS Agreement and the IPPC in three cases at WTO: Japan- Agricultural Products II (2001), Japan - Apples (2005) and Australia - Apples (2011).

Abstrak :
[This work offers a synthesis of the current approaches toward an integration of international trade and climate change, with a view to fostering potential improvements in policies and institutions affecting these. A number of pragmatic measures are proposed with reference to the WTO and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) regimes, which are expected to contribute toward enhanced climate change governance, as well as promoting international trade., This work offers a synthesis of the current approaches toward an integration of international trade and climate change, with a view to fostering potential improvements in policies and institutions affecting these. A number of pragmatic measures are proposed with reference to the WTO and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) regimes, which are expected to contribute toward enhanced climate change governance, as well as promoting international trade.]