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Abstrak :
Paper Electroanalytical Devices (PeAD) merupakan salah satu perangkat sensor kimia yang mulai banyak dikembangkan karena luasnya bidang aplikasi, salah satunya adalah untuk mendeteksi logam berat. Prinsip kerja dari PeAD yaitu dengan mengukur konsentrasi logam dari hasil reaksi reduksi dan oksidasi menggunakan metode potensiometri. Pada penelitian ini PeAD dikembangkan dengan adanya elektrodeposisi logam Bismut secara in situ pada elektroda, dengan menggunakan voltametri pelucutan anodik gelombang persegi (SWASV), logam Bismut dideposisi dengan membetuk film lapis tipis Bi pada permukaan elektroda dan dilakukan pemindaian dengan mikroskop elektron. Logam Bismut digunakan sebagai modifikator elektroda karena memiliki kapasitas untuk membentuk paduan dengan logam berat, seperti Pb dan Cd, selain itu juga karena sifatnya yang kurang beracun dan memiliki jendela potensial negatif yang besar sehingga proses pembentukan ikatan dengan logam dapat terjadi. Pengujian variasi pH, variasi potensial deposisi, dan variasi konsentrasi penambahan Bismut, dilakukan untuk mendapatkan hasil pengujian yang optimum, dan diperoleh kondisi optimum pada pH larutan 4,6 dengan potensial deposisi -1,2 V, dan penamabahan 1 mg/L Bismut. PeAD. Yang berhasil di fabrikasi kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan Scanning Electron Micsroscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infra Red (FTIR), Contact Angle Meter (CAM). Uji performa analisis PeAD terhadap ion logam berat Pb dan Cd dilakukan dengan pengukuran linearitas, Limit of Detection (LOD), Limit of Quantification (LOQ), interferensi, presisi, dan akurasi. Persamaan yang didapat dari uji linearitas, dengan y = 1.4508 + 0.1723 [Cd (II)] dengan R2 = 0.9839 dan y = 0.6789 + 0.1218 [Pb (II)] dengan R2 = 0.9851, yang menunjukkan bahwa nilai sensitivitas PeAD untuk logam Cd sebesar 1.4508 μA dan logam Pb sebesar 0.6434 μA, dan LOD untuk logam Cd dan Pb yaitu 6.43 µg/L dan 7.01 µg/L, dengan LOQ yaitu 22.07 µg/L dan 23.39 µg/L. ......Paper Electroanalytical Devices (PeAD) is one of the chemical sensor devices that has been widely developed due to its wide application in various field, one of which is detecting heavy metals. The working principle of PeAD is to measure the metal concentration from the reduction and oxidation reactions using the potentiometric method. In this study, PeAD was developed by the presence of in situ electrodeposition of Bismuth metal on the electrode, using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Bismuth metal was deposited by forming a thin layer of Bi film on the electrode surface and then scanning with an electron microscope. Bismuth metal is used as an electrode modifier because it has the capacity to form alloys with heavy metals, such as Pb and Cd, as well as because it is less toxic and has a large negative potential window so that the process of bonding with metals can occur. Test for Variations in pH, variations in the deposition potential, and variations in the concentration of addition of Bismuth, were carried out to obtain optimum test results. The optimum conditions were obtained at a solution pH of 4.6 with a deposition potential of -1.2 V, with the addition of 1 mg/L Bismuth. The PeAD that were successfully fabricated were then characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), and Contact Angle Meter (CAM). Analysis performance test of PeAD for heavy metal ions Pb and Cd was carried out by measuring linearity, Limit of Detection (LOD), Limit of Quantification (LOQ), interference, precision, and accuracy. The equation obtained from the linearity test, with y = 1.4508 + 0.1723 [Cd (II)] with R2 = 0.9839 and with y = 0.6789 + 0.1218 [Pb (II)] with R2 = 0.9851, which shows that the metal sensitivity value of PeAD is 1.4508 µA for Cd and 0.6434 µA for Pb, and the LOD for Cd and Pb were 6.43 µg/L and 7.01 µg/L, with LOQ 22.07 µg/L and 23.39 µg/L.

Abstrak :
Sintesis nanopartikel perak dilakukan dengan metode biologi menggunakan air rebusan daun bisbul (Diospyros blancoi), yang berperan sebagai agen pereduksi Proses pembentukan nanopartikel perak dipelajari dan dimonitor dengan mengamati spektrum absorpsi menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan nilai absorbansi semakin besar seiring dengan bertambahnya waktu reaksi. Puncak absorbsi spektrum UV-Vis dari sampel biosintesis nanopartikel perak tanpa dan dengan stirer masing-masing di panjang gelombang 414-418 nm dan 414-419 nm selama 2 minggu. Efek mekanik dalam proses biosintesis nanopartikel perak cenderung mempercepat pembentukan nanopartikel perak. Pendeteksian ion logam berat tembaga (II) secara sederhana, cepat, dan selektif menggunakan nanopartikel perak yang dimodifikasi dengan polivinil alkohol (PVA) telah dikembangkan. Penambahan PVA ke dalam sistem AgNO3 dan air rebusan daun bisbul dilakukan dengan variasi waktu pada 0, 1, dan 24 jam. Puncak absorbsi spektrum UV-Vis masing-masing di panjang gelombang 412-423 nm, 415-417 nm, dan 414-420 selama 2 minggu. PVA memperlambat pembentukan nanopartikel perak. Larutan indikator berubah dari kuning ke ungu muda hingga merah saat mendeteksi ion Cu2+ dan tidak berubah warna ketika mendeteksi ion Mn2+, Pb2+, dan Zn2+. Larutan indikator mulai berubah warna ketika mendeteksi konsentrasi 1000 ppm Cu2+. Hasil karakterisasi UV-Vis dari larutan indikator dan ion Cu2+ menunjukkan pita absorbansi baru pada panjang gelombang sekitar 500 nm.

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Synthesis of silver nanoparticles was conducted with biological method using water of boiled bisbul (Diospyros blancoi) leaf, which acted as reducing agent. Process formation of silver nanoparticles was studied and monitored by observing absorption spectrum using UV-Vis sphectrophotometer. The result of the observation shows that absorbance value increases with increasing time reaction. Peak of UV-Vis absorption spectrum of biosynthesis sample of silver nanoparticles without and with stirring each in wavelength of 414-418 nm and 414-419 nm for two weeks. Mechanical effect in biosynthesis process of silver nanoparticles tends to speed up the formation of silver nanoparticles. Detection of copper (II) ion in simple, rapid, and selective way using silver nanoparticles modified with polyvinl alcohol (PVA) has been developed. The addition of PVA into system of AgNO3 and water of boiled bisbul leaf was conducted with variation of time at 0, 1, and 24 hours. Peak of absorption spectrum each in wavelength of 412-423 nm, 415-417 nm, and 414-420 nm for two weeks. PVA slows down the formation of silver nanoparticles. Indicator solution changes from yellow to purple until red when detecting Cu2+ ion and does not change colour when detecting Mn2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ ions. Indicator solution starts to change when detecting 1000 ppm of Cu2+. The result of UV-Vis characterization of indicator solution and ion Cu2+ shows new band absorbance in wavelength around 500 nm.

Abstrak :
Nanopartikel perak (NPP) hasil biosintesis telah diketahui mampu mendeteksi keberadaan logam berat secara kolorimetri, namun belum cukup selektif karena menghasilkan perubahan warna yang serupa pada beberapa logam. Selain itu, stabilitas dari indikator kolorimetri berbasis NPP hasil biosintesis masih harus ditingkatkan. Telah diketahui bahwa modifikasi NPP dengan ligan berupa polimer dapat berfungsi sebagai penstabil sekaligus mempengaruhi agregasi antarpartikel dengan larutan analit yang dikenal sebagai sensor agregasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk meningkatkan selektivitas dan stabilitas indikator kolorimetri keberadaan logam dan melakukan pengembangan pada NPP yang telah termodifikasi agar meningkat sensitivitasnya secara kolorimetri. Biosintesis NPP dilakukan dengan cara mereaksikan larutan AgNO3 1 mM dengan air rebusan daun kering bisbul (Diospyros discolor Willd.) dengan rasio 10:1 (v:v). NPP yang terbentuk dimodifikasi dengan larutan polivinil alkohol (PVA) 1% (b/v) dan 2% (b/v). Prosedur peningkatan sensitivitas dari indikator dilakukan dengan penambahan garam Natrium Klorida (NaCl) 1 M. Selektivitas terbaik didapatkan di larutan nanopartikel perak yang dimodifikasi dengan PVA 1% (b/v) dengan perubahan warna menjadi ungu muda secara selektif pada analit Cu2+. NPP termodifikasi PVA juga ditingkatkan sensitivitasnya dengan prosedur terpilih, yaitu dengan mereaksikan NPPtermodifikasi dengan NaCl 1 M pada rasio 10:2 (v:v), diaduk dengan pengaduk magnetik selama 15 menit, lalu langsung digunakan untuk pengujian pada analit. Larutan indikator terbukti mampu mendeteksi keberadaan ion Cu2+ hingga 0,1 ppm secara visual dengan LOD 0,459 ppm berdasarkan kurva regresi spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Percobaan dilakukan berdasarkan perbedaan warnanya dengan larutan blangko (tanpa ion Cu2+) serta spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Aplikasinya pada sampel, diujicoba menggunakan sampel makroalga merah (Kappaphycus alvarezii) dengan preparasi menggunakan metode destruksi basah. ......Silver nanoparticles, derived from biosynthesis method, have been known to detect heavy metals with colorimetry method, but their selectivity is not sufficient because they make similar changes in color to some metals. Besides, stability of colorimetric indicator, based on biosynthesized silver nanoparticles, still needed to be improved. It has been known that modification of silver nanoparticles with ligand, such as polymers, can be functioned as stabilizer and affects aggregation between particles and analyte solution. This research was conducted to improve the selectivity of colorimetric indicator for metals in analyte solution and to implement the development of modified silver nanoparticles to improve their sensitivity in colorimetry method. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was conducted by reaction of AgNO3 1 mM solution with boiled water of velvet apple (Diospyros discolor Willd.) leaves in 10:1 (v:v) ratio. Then, silver nanoparticles are modified with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 1% (w/v) and 2% (w/v). Procedures to improve the sensitivity of indicator was conducted by addition of sodium chloride (NaCl) 1 M. Best selectivity was reached in silver nanoparticles solution that modified with PVA 1% (w/v) based on selective changes in color of Cu2+ analytes. Modified-silver nanoparticles? sensitivity has also been improved by chosen procedure, which is by reacted modified-silver nanoparticles with NaCl 1 M in 10:2 (v:v) ratio, stirred by magnetic stirrer in 15 minutes, then directly used to examine analyte solution. The indicator solution also has been proven that was able to detect Cu2+ ions up to 0,1 ppm as lowest concentration, and with LOD 0,459 ppm based on spectrophotometer UV-Vis. This test based on comparison with blank solution (without Cu2+ ions) and UV-Vis spectrophotometer in trial with red macroalga (Kappaphycus alvarezii) sample, which is prepared by wet destruction method.

Abstrak :
This study aims to analyze the effect of chemical pretreatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on the capacity of coco peat in removing of copper (11) ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of varying the molarity of NaOH, the solution pH, initial Cu(II) concentration, coco peat dosage and contact time were studied in batch experiment. The result of the preliminary pretreatment study shows that treatment with 0.5M NaOH greatly enhanced the metal sorption capacity of raw coco peat. The uptake capacity for Cu of the raw coco peat was increased from 46% to 83% at pH 4.0 and from 15% to 27% uptake for initial solution pH of 2.4. The results showed that the removal rate is directly proportional to pH, coco peat’s dosage and contact time and inversely proportional to Cu(Il) concentration. The adsorption process is best explained by the Langmuir isotherm than the Freundlich isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption on a homogenous surface. The rate of reaction follows the pseudo-second order kinetic model, signifying that chemisorption is the rate limiting mechanism. The results of the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) analysis indicated that the main functional groups involved in the sorption of copper to NaOH pretreated coco peat are the hydroxyl, carboxyl and phenolic groups. Based on the results of this study, it was found that pretreating coco peat with NaOH significantly improve the overall efficiency of coco peat in removing Cu(II) by adsorption process.