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"Children could be allegorized as the future light of the nation, if during childhood they received adequate care and encouragement. On the other hand, they would become a burden when in their early age they were neglected in various aspects. It is through children that a nation's hopes will be reached, as the younger generation will take lead in the future. Through their creativity and their eagerness, the nation will be equal to others in the world, even better recognized and respected.It is thus proper that the government and all elements of the nation, from nuclear families to broader institutions in which children live, pay more attention to children's interests, especially in their education, either formal or non-formal, in order to prepare them for the future. It is no exception with Institutional Pupils who are serving their term or correction in Children's Correctional Institutions, for regardless of their previous actions, they are still entitled to a better future.Entering the correctional institution is obviously not a choice, but a compulsion resulting from a previous breach of the law. However, this does not mean that children lose their rights to education, as the sole loss of right during their term should have been loss of freedom of movement. They still retain the right to obtain education and correction during their term in the Children's Correctional Institutions.Thus the researcher was interested to study the implementation of correction in Children's Correctional Institutions, especially the constraint factors and effectiveness of correction through Kejar Paket informal learning system on institutional pupils of Blitar Children's Correctional Institution, East Java.Results of the study show that Blitar Children's Correctional Institution has implemented correction, according to its main duties and functions as set by the government, namely: correction of personality and self-reliance, although limitations still constrain these efforts.The researcher found that constraint factors in the Blitar Children's Correctional Institution include constraints in human resources (including both Correctional Institution Staff involved in the implementation of Kejar Paket learning program) and Institutional Pupils), lack of infrastructure and equipment, and limited funds. On the effectiveness of the program, the result is rather less than successful, as two out of three components of correctional results do not fit with the expected results.This study is expected to develop the state of the science and as literature, especially in the study of constraint factors and effectiveness of correction through Kejar Paket informal learning system in Children's Correctional Institutions, and as contribution to the Government, through the Department of Law and Human Rights, especially the Directorate General of Correctional Institutions in implementing their main duties and functions of correction through Kejar Paket informal learning system in Children's Correctional Institutions."

"Setiap warga negara berhak mendapatkan pendidikan dan pengajaran yang tayak dan sesuai dengan tingkat kebutuhannya. Hal ini juga berlaku bagi anak yang berkonflik dengan hukum dan sedang menjalani hukuman di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan (Lapas) Anak. Pendidikan selain merupakan hak juga merupakan kebutuhan bagi anak sebagai bekal kehidupannya kelak di masyarakat.Penyelenggaraan pendidikan formal dan non formal bagi anak didik pemasyarakatan di Lapas Anak, khususnya di Lapas Anak Pria Tangerang, masih kurang sesuai dengan kebutuhan anak untuk bekal kehidupannya di masa depan. Hal ini mengingat penyelenggaraan pendidikan bagi anak didik pemasyarakatan dipengaruhi faktor internal dan eksternal. Secara internal, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi berkaitan dengan kondisi anak didik yang berbeda, yaitu : latar belakang kehidupan, latar belakang perbuatan, lamanya pidana, jenis pelanggaran hukum, serta keterbatasan sumber daya dari pihak Lapas untuk dapat mengakomodasikan pendidikan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan anak. Sedang secara ekstemal, faktor yang mempengaruhi adalah masih adanya stigma negatifmasyarakat terhadap anak didik pemasyarakatan.Untuk mengkaji model pendidikan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan anak didik, make kerangka berfikir mengacu pada Teori Konstruktivisme oleh Bodnar (Didang Setiawan, 2004) yang mengemukakan bahwa pembelajaran merupakan proses sosial yang aktif. Lingkungan pembelajaran perlu di kondisikan agar memiliki situasi yang mampu membuat murid dapat menciptakan pengetahuannya melalui aktivitasnya sendiri, baik fisik maupun mental. Mengacu teori tersebut penulis mengumpulkan data dengan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jumiah responden 24 prang, terdiri dari : tokoh pendidikan dan pemerhati anak, Pejabat Direktorat Jenderal Pemasyarakatan, Pejabat Direktorat Pendidikan Luar Sekolah, Kepala-kepala Lapas Anak, Tenaga pengajar/guru, dan anak didik pemasyarakatan.Dari hasil anaiisis data, penyelenggaraan pendidikan formal dan non formal bagi anak didik pemasyarakatan di Lapas Anak saat ini masih dirasakan masih kurang optimal memenuhi kebutuhan anak didik, oleh karena itu diperlukan bentuk pendidikan alternatif yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan karakter anak didik berupa pendidikan khusus.

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Every people have the right to receive good education and learning based on their needs. This is also applied for children who are in conflict with law and/or are currently in Juvenile Correctional Center (Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Anak). Education is not only a right for children but is also a need for their future Iife.

The current implementation of formal and non formal education for children in Juvenile Center has not met the need for their future life. There are internal and external factors that influence the quality of education in the Center. The internal factors include the condition of children such as their life background, behaviour background, the length of their sentence, type of the cases, and the limitation of the Center's resources to implement the teaching learning activities that meet to children' needs. The external factor mainly is the negative stigmatisation to the convicted children from the community.

The Constructivism theory by Bodner (Didang Setiawan, 2004) was applied to study the education model that perfectly meet the children need. The theory believes that learning is an active social process and the learning environment should be conditioned to support the situation to encourage children to improve their knowledge through exploring their activities, both physically and mentally. The study use qualitative research to collect the data from 24 respondents include education specialist and children right expert, the Directors from Direktorat Jenderal Pemasyarakatan, the Director of Directorate of Special Education, several Head of Juvenile Correctional Center, Educator/teachers and children in the Juvenile Correctional Center.

The analysis data show that the implementation of formal and non formal education at Juvenile Correctional Center are still unable to meet the children's need. Therefore, it is important to have an alternative education, called Special education, which meet the children' need and character in the JuveniIse Correctional Center."

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Hakim sebagai bagian dari sistem peradilan, memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam memberikan jaminan kepastian hukum kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk pengambilan keputusan pada suatu peradilan perkara. Namun, acap kali keputusan yang diambil hakim memberikan ketidakpastian hukum seperti disparitas pidana. Disparitas pidana dapat diartikan sebagai ketidak samaan putusan yang dijatuhkan pada perkara-perkara yang memiliki kesamaan. Sehingga, ketidaksamaan ini bisa memberikan rasa ketidak adilan kepada narapidana. Salah satu teori yang membahas disparitas pidana adalah teori legal realism. Para pendukung teori ini berpendapat bahwa dalam pengambilan suatu keputusan, hakim tidak hanya mendasarkan pada fakta-fakta hukum yang disajikan dalam persidangan, tetapi hakim juga mempertimbangakn faktor psikoligi, politik dan sosial. Dengan kata lain, hakim bisa saja menggabungkan faktor legal dan non-legal tersebut untuk menarik suatu keputasan suatu perkara peradilan. Disparitas pidana dan teori legal realism mendorong penulis melakukan suatu penelitian untuk melihat hubungan antara faktor legal dan non-legal terhadap durasi penahanan pada narapidan anak, dan juga untuk menguji coba beberapa hipotesa guna mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi masa tahanan narapidana anak di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode model regresi Ordinary Least Square, penelitian ini menemukan adanya suatu hubungan beberapa faktor legal dan non legal terhadap masa penahanan narapidana anak. Dari delapan faktor yang diuji, hanya terdapat dua faktor yaitu lokasi peradilan dan tingkat kejahatan yang secara signifikan mempengaruhi hakim dalam menentukan masa penahanan. Hasil dari penelitan ini bisa digunakan sebagai salah satu dasar dalam pengambilan keputusan oleh pihak terkait dalam rangka mengurangi disparitas pidana terutama untuk narapidana anak.

Kata kunci: disparitas, faktor legal, faktor extralegal, narapidana anak,  putusan hakim,

 

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The judge as the main actor in the justice system, plays a significant role in providing justice and legal certainty for the society through every decision made in court. However, in practice, the judges decision often leads to legal uncertainties such as the disparity in sentencing. Disparity in sentencing is defined as the application of an unequal sentencing to similar offenses in practice of the court, specifically with regard to the duration of the final sentence. Hence, it may bring a sense of inequality in justice for the defendants. One legal theory discussing disparity in sentencing is the legal realism theory. Legal realists argue that not only rational application of laws, but also psychological, political, and social factors need to be considered by the judges in making the final sentence. In other words, the judges may combine legal and extra-legal elements to derive final decision for the cases. Sentencing disparity and legal realism theory inspired the author to conduct a research to examine the correlation between legal-extralegal factors and the duration of the final sentence, and also hypotheses testing to figure out the influencing factors on that affect the duration set for juvenile defendants in Indonesia. Applying quantitative methods with Ordinary Least Square regression model, this research found the correlation of some legal and extralegal factors to the length of incarceration among juvenile defendants. In addition, among eight factors examined in this research, only two factors, namely the location of the court and seriousness level of crime were found to significantly influence the judges on sentencing. The findings of the study can be used to set legal policy to reduce the disparity in the final sentence especially for juvenile defendants.

Keywords: disparity, final sentence juvenile defendant, legal-extralegal factors, legal realist

 

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"Skripsi ini membahas tentang beberapa permasalahan terkait dengan proses diversi sebagai bentuk penyelesaian perkara pidana anak melalui pendekatan restorative justice oleh penyidik. Penelitian ini berfokus pada tiga pokok permasalahan, yakni: tentang diversi sebagai alternatif penyelesaian sengketa berparadigma restorative justice, legalitas diversi sebagai bentuk diskresi kepolisian, dan pengaturan diversi pada hukum internasional, negara Australia, dan Belanda. Penelitian ini bermetodekan yuridis-normatif yang metode pengambilan data berfokus pada studi literatur dan wawancara narasumber. Hasil penelitian berkesimpulan bahwa diversi menjadi salah satu jalan terbaik dalam penyelesaian perkara pidana anak dan menyarankan untuk dilakukannya perbaikan dalam pelaksanaan diversi.

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This thesis discusses some problems related to the settlement of diversion as a form of juvenile delinquency through restorative justice approach by investigators. This study focuses on three main issues, namely: diversion as an alternative dispute resolution through restorative justice paradigm, the legality of police discretion as a form of diversion and diversion arrangements on international law, Australia, and the Netherlands. This study focus on juridical-normative study. The data retrieval methods focus on the study of literature and informant interviews. The results concluded that the diversion to be one of the best in the completion of the juvenile delinquency and advise children to undertake improvements in the implementation of the diversion."

"Causes of delinquency and its prevention related to children?s rights in Indonesia"