Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Kazakhstan merupakan negara Asia Tengah dengan cadangan energi terbesar yang menerapkan kebijakan luar negeri multi-vektor dalam menghadapi rivalitas Rusia dan Amerika Serikat (AS) dalam bidang kerjasama energi. Dengan Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) Rusia memiliki hak monopoli dalam rute ekstraksi energi Kazakhstan. Reluktansi ekspansi kapasitas CPC dari Rusia mengharuskan Kazakhstan bekerjasama dengan AS dalam keanggotaan pipa minyak Baku- Tbilisi-Ceyhan dan membentuk rancangan pipa minyak Trans-Kaspia. Dengan menggunakan konsep keamanan energi dan economic statecraft, pengaplikasian kebijakan luar negeri Kazakhstan diteliti dalam aspek Multi-Vektor dengan tujuan untuk memberikan posisi balancing Kazakhstan terhadap Rusia dan mengurangi monopoli Rusia terhadap ekstraksi energi Kazakhstan.

---

Central Asia, an energy-rich region, is present in the middle of energy rivalry between Russia and United States. As the highest country with proven energy reserve, Kazakhstan holds important position and applying Multi-Vector foreign policy in responding Russia-US rivalry in energy sector. With the present of Caspian Pipeline Consortium, Russia exercised monopoly towards extraction route of Kazakhstan oil. Through Russia's reluctance in expanding CPC's capacity, Kazakhstan is obliged to cooperate with the US through Baku-Tbilisi- Ceyhan pipeline and the Trans-Caspia pipeline project. The application of Kazakhstan's foreign policy, regarded upon nation-building aspects, geopolitics and US-Russia interests in energy, is using multi-vector strategy to create balancing position towards Russia to decrease monopoly towards Kazakhstan's energy extraction route."

"This volume brings together the results of international and interdisciplinary long-term studies on the new desert ecosystem and is divided into four main sections. The first section provides an overview of the physical characteristics of the area and covers geological, pedological, geomorphological and climatological aspects and their dynamics, especially dust-storm dynamics. The second focuses on the biotic aspects and highlights the spatial and temporal patterns of the flora and fauna. In the third section studies and projects aiming to combat desertification by phytomelioration and to develop strategies for the conservation of biodiversity are presented. The book is rounded off with a section providing a synthesis and conclusions."

"Kazakhstan, a former Soviet republic in Central Asia that has been under the leadership of President Nursultan Nazarbayev since independence in 1991, has proven that a mostly Muslim nation can be active on the international scene. Its leaders have worked fervently to bridge the ugly schism that has developed since the 9/11 attacks and the subsequent invasions of Arab and Muslim lands byWestern forces.How has Kazakhstan been able to maintain its Muslim heritage yet remain on track toward modernization while other Muslim countries have imposed strict Shari’a law upon their citizens, clamped down on individual freedoms, and persecuted all who do not adhere to the diktat of the ruling theocracy?Claude Salhani examines the successful phenomenon of Kazakhstan today.He looks at the progress it has attained in just two decades since independence. While there is no doubt as to the Muslim identity of the country,Kazakhstan is living proof that there can be a “kinder, gentler” mode of Islam, in which one can live at peace with oneself and with one’s neighbors, despite their differences."