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"Japan's student-led protests of 1968–1969 resonated with similar movements around the world, particularly in their demand for individual autonomy and liberation from the burden of mature capitalism and the yoke of social regimentation. In the case of Japan, this movement also signified a major turning point in postwar intellectual culture. 1968 was when protesting youth led a critical rejection of the progressive intellectuals who had defined the substance of postwar Japanese democratic idealism. In intellectual terms, progressive thinkers were challenged from two directions: radicalism and conservatism. The confrontation between these three intellectual positions was dramatised in the movement that took place at the University of Tokyo. This article examines the experiences and responses of Maruyama Masao, Yoshimoto Takaaki (Ryūmei) and Hayashi Kentarō during the course of the 1968–1969 protests at the University of Tokyo. I conclude that while 1968 heralded the end of progressive predominance, it confirmed the importance of ideas about the self in postwar intellectual life."

"Earth Liberation Front (ELF) merupakan suatu pergerakan lingkungan yang menggunakan aksi-aksi yang radikal, yang berbeda dari pergerakan lingkungan lainnya yang menggunakan aksi-aksi damai dalam mencapai tujuannya. Walaupun aksi radikal yang dilakukan ELF mendapatkan respon negatif dari banyak pihak, ELF tetap menggunakan aksi-aksi radikal tersebut. Dalam skripsi ini, penulis berupaya untuk mencari alasan-alasan mengapa ELF tetap menggunakan metode radikal dalam aksi langsungnya. Untuk mendapatkan jawaban tersebut, penulis menggunakan tiga konsep utama, yakni civil disobedience, violence, and terrorism oleh Peter Singer, hipotesis Gaia oleh James Lovelock, dan radikalisme baru dalam pergerakan sosial oleh David Solnit. Melalui metode wawancara, analisis dokumen, dan pendekatan jejaring, didapatkan bahwa terdapat empat alasan utama yang mendasari penggunaan aksi langsung oleh ELF, antara lain (1) ELF memperjuangkan norma lingkungan yang mereka yakini; (2) komitmen untuk menumbangkan sistem kapitalisme; (3) adanya urgensi untuk menghentikan perusakan lingkungan; dan (4) aksinya ditujukan untuk melindungi bumi. Temuan penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa anonimitas merupakan unsur yang terpenting dalam menunjang keberlangsungan pergerakan ELF.

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Earth Liberation Front (ELF) is an environmental movement which carries out radical direct actions, making it distinct from the mainstream environmental movements which implements peaceful methods in articulating their voices. Although its radical actions encounter negative responses, ELF still uses direct actions.

In this undergraduate thesis, the writer tries to find the reason behind the use of radical actions by ELF. The writer uses three main concepts to find the answer: civil disobedience, violence, and terrorism by Peter Singer, Gaia hypothesis by James Lovelock, and new radicalism in social movements by David Solnit.

Through interview, qualitative content analysis, and network approach, four main reasons behind the use of direct actions by ELF are found: (1) ELF fights for its environmental norms; (2) commitment to uproot capitalism system; (3) urgency to stop environmental degradation; and (4) its actions are aimed to protect the earth.

The main finding on this research is anonymity within ELF, which is the most important aspect in maintaining the sustainability of ELF movement."

"This book explores Madan Mohan Malaviyas long-term involvement in the politics of Indian nationalism. Drawing on a variety of sources ranging from public documents to the private papers of other leading nationalists of the time, the book looks at the changing nature of the Indian freedom movement by focusing on what Malaviya did, whom he relied on for support, and how he saw his own actions and role in Indian public life. It examines whether Malaviyas career resulted in certain changes in Indian politics and, if so, in what directions, or whether it exploited existing forces of change in politics and society. It also considers various stages of Malaviyas leadership and his ability to retain and wield authority, as well as his relationship with his followers, the Indian National Congress leadership, the Sikh leaders, and various leaders and workers of the Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha. It investigates the means of communication between them, the barriers and contradictions, and tries to assess the way they influenced one another. Finally, the book investigates how the method and manner of Malaviyas nationalist propaganda and some of the campaigns that he launched influenced the different communities across India."

"Penelitian mengenai Cirebon Di Masa Revolusi ; Dari Linggarjati Hingga Pengakuan Kedaulatan ini dilakukan dari tahun 1985-1987, bertempat di Jakarta, Bandung dan Cirebon. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui peristiwa-peristiwa serta peranan Cirebon selama periode revolusi (1946-1949). Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui penelitian kepustakaan dan wawancara, serta peninjauan ke lokasi dimana peristiwa itu terjadi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlawanan yang terjadi di daerah Cirebon memegang peranan penting dalam menegakkan kemerdekaan dan kedaulatan negara RI. Kerjasama antara pihak Angkatan Bersenjata, Badan-Badan Perjuangan/ Laskar, dan dukungan rakyat telah berhasil mengusir musuh (Belanda). Walaupun semula Cirebon sempat diduduki Belanda namun semangat perjuangannya tidak pernah padam, bahkan kemudian bangkit dan menjadi pelopor pengembalian negara Pasundan ke pangkuan RI."

"Artikel ini membahas gerakan anti-kolonialisme Kwame Nkrumah di Ghana dan di seluruh benua Afrika pada kurun waktu dari tahun 1948 sampai 1966. Gerakan anti-kolonialisme adalah sebuah gerakan perlawanan terhadap penjajahan bangsa Eropa yang berkembang di Ghana dan juga di negara-negara Afrika lainnya setelah berakhirnya Perang Dunia Kedua. Salah satu tokoh yang sangat berpengaruh dari gerakan tersebut adalah Kwame Nkrumah. Visi dari gerakan anti-kolonialismenya adalah membebaskan negaranya yaitu Ghana lalu seluruh benua Afrika dari penjajahan bangsa Eropa. Gerakan antikolonialisme Kwame Nkrumah terwujud dalam berbagai bentuk. Beberapa diantaranya adalah gerakan ketidakpatuhan sipil (civil disobedience), penyelenggaran berbagai konferensi antar negara atau wilayah di Afrika hingga pendanaan dan pelatihan terhadap berbagai kelompok pembebasan nasional (national liberation movement) yang termasuk ke dalam pemikiran Pan-Afrikanisme-nya. Berbeda dengan kajiankajian sebelumnya yang pembahasannya sangat komprehensif, penelitian ini akan membatasi topik penelitian pada gerakan anti-kolonialismenya. Jadi, beberapa sub-topik di kajian sebelumnya seperti kebijakan domestik Nkrumah pasca Ghana merdeka hingga kebijakan luar negeri Ghana yang tidak berkaitan dengan Afrika tidak akan dibahas di dalam penelitian ini. Hasil temuan penelitian ini adalah Kwame Nkrumah memiliki pengaruh penting dalam gerakan anti-kolonialisme baik itu di Ghana atau di Afrika walaupun gerakannya di kedua wilayah tersebut memiliki perbedaan hasil. Penelitian ini ditulis menggunakan metode sejarah yang mengambil sumber-sumber penelitian dalam bentuk buku-buku dan jurnal dari Perpustakaan Nasional, Perpustakaan Pusat UI hingga beberapa sumber dari internet.

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This journal article will discuss the history of Kwame Nkrumah’s anti-colonialism movement in both Ghana and Africa which occurred from 1948to 1966. Anti-colonialism movement opposed European colonialism which was well-developed in Ghana and other African countries after World War II ended. One of the most influental figures from that movement was Kwame Nkrumah. His anti-colonialism vision aimed to liberate his country Ghana and the entire African continent from European colonialism. His movements were manifested in various forms, from implementation of civil disobedience, organizing several inter-governmental and inter non-governmental conferences and providing equipment and training for various national liberation movements that his Pan-Africanism thoughts. Differing from the previous research which the main topic is comprehensive, this research will restrict its scope to Nkrumah’s anti-colonialism movements. Hence, sub-topics such as Nkrumah’s domestic policy after Ghana’s independence or Ghana’s foreign policy which does not mention Africa’s affair will not be discussed in this article-journal. These research findings show that Nkrumah was an influental figure in anti-colonialism movement in Ghana and Africa even the result of his movements in those two areas differ. This articleis written using the historical method, by collecting historical sources in the form of books and journals, obtained from the National Library, UI Library, or other online sources."