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"ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai lichen dilakukan di lingkungan kampus Universitas Indonesia, Depok pada Agustus 2015 -- Januari 2016. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan struktur komunitas lichen di Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Tujuh plot 25 x 25 m dibuat di hutan kota dan sembilan garis transek masing-masing sepanjang 50 m dibuat di jalan utama kampus. Lima pohon dipilih pada setiap titik plot dan transek garis sebagai sampel. Sampel diambil dari pohon dengan DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) minimal 20 cm dengan jaring plastik 10 cm x 10 cm yang melekat di utara, selatan, timur, dan barat sisi batang pohon. Jaring plastik dibagi menjadi 100 kotak persegi, kemudian ditempel pada pohon dengan ketinggian yang berbeda (0 cm -- 100 cm dan 100 cm -- 200 cm) dari permukaan tanah. Hasilnya diperoleh tiga famili lichen yang ditemukan di hutan kota yaitu, Leprariaceae, Sarrameanaceae dan Physciaceae dan lima famili lichen di jalan utama kampus yaitu, Sarrameanaceae, Parmeliaceae, Leprariaceae, Graphidaceae dan Physciaceae. Kesamaan famili lichen antara hutan kota dan jalan utama kampus berdasarkan Indeks Sorenson sebesar 75%. Famili Leprariaceae adalah famili yang dominan di hutan kota, sementara Sarrameanaceae adalah famili yang dominan di jalan utama kampus. Keragaman lichen kedua lokasi dikategorikan sedang berdasarkan Indeks Shannon Wiener (H '1--3), namun tidak ada yang berbeda secara signifikan di antara kedua tempat tersebut. Famili Leprariaceae memiliki frekuensi kehadiran tertinggi pada pohon inang yaitu pohon daruak (Microcos tomentosa) sebesar 7,5%. Berdasarkan uji asosiasi (x2) antara tekstur kulit pohon dengan lichen menunjukkan asosiasi positif antara tekstur kulit pohon dengan lichen. Kehadiran famili Sarrameanaceae, Leprariaceae, Graphidaceae dan Physciaceae dipengaruhi oleh tekstur kulit pohon inang sedikit kasar.

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ABSTRACT

Research on lichens was conducted at the Universitas Indonesia, Depok on August 2015 -- January 2016. The aim of this research is to determine community structur of lichen at the Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Seven plots of 25 x 25 m2 were made at the urban forest, while nine of 50 m line transect were made at the main road. Five trees of each plots and line transect were sampled. The samples were taken from trees with DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) minimum 20 cm then the grid 10 cm x 10 cm were attached at northern, southern, eastern, and western site of the trunk. The grid was divided into 100 square, then attached on trees in different height (0 cm - 100 cm and 100 cm - 200 cm) from the land surface. The result obtained three family of lichens were found in urban forest, they are Leprariaceae, Sarrameanaceae and Physciaceae. Five family were found at the main road, they were Sarrameanaceae, Parmeliaceae, Leprariaceae, Graphidaceae and Physciaceae. The similarity of lichens family between the urban forest and main road based on Sorenson similarity were high 75%. Family Leprariaceae was the dominant family at the urban forest, while Sarrameanaceae was dominant family at the main road. The diversity of lichen at both sites were categorized medium based on Shannon Wiener index (H? 1--3), however there was not significantly different between those place. Family Leprariaceae was the highest frequency of present on daruak (Microcos tomentosa) host tree, that was 7,5%. Based association test (x2) between the texture of tree bark with lichen, shows that positive association between the texture of tree bark with lichen,the presence of Sarrameanaceae, Leprariaceae, Graphidaceae and Physciaceae family is influenced by bark slightly rough."

"Selulosa mikrokristal merupakan eksipien yang umum digunakan dalam pembuatan sediaan farmasetika terutama sediaan tablet. Selulosa mikrokristal telah berhasil dibuat dari tumbuhan gulma eceng gondok Eichhornia crassipes melalui proses hidrolisis enzimatis. Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan kuantitas selulosa mikrokristal yang dihasilkan dengan memanfaatkan inhibitor ? -glukosidase yang diekstraksi dari lumut kerak, memperoleh kondisi optimum hidrolisis enzimatis meliputi optimasi pH dan waktu, serta mendapatkan identitas dan sifat fisikokimianya yang dibandingkan dengan selulosa mikrokristal standar, Avicel PH-101. Penelitian diawali dengan peremajaan kapang Trichoderma reesei, kemudian enzim selulase yang diekstraksi dari Trichoderma reesei bersama dengan inhibitor ? -glukosidase yang diekstraksi dari lumut kerak digunakan untuk hidrolisis enzimatis selulosa pada ? -selulosa hasil delignifikasi dari serbuk eceng gondok untuk memperoleh selulosa mikrokristal. Selulosa mikrokristal hasil hidrolisis enzimatis diidentifikasi, dikarakterisasi, dan dibandingkan dengan Avicel PH-101. Identitas dari selulosa mikrokristal diperoleh melalui spektrum inframerah yang mirip dengan standar. Selulosa mikrokristal yang diperoleh berupa serbuk sedikit kasar, tidak berbau dan berasa serta berwarna sedikit kekuningan dibandingkan standar. Karakteristik selulosa mikrokristal yang diperoleh meliputi terbentuk warna biru dengan larutan iodin, distribusi ukuran partikel sebesar 2,01 ? m, pH 7,03, kadar abu 0,23 , kadar air 3,42, susut pengeringan 3,16, kerapatan partikel passable, serta laju alir dan sudut istirahat yang memenuhi persyaratan. Berdasarkan perbandingan pola difraktogram dengan difraksi sinar-X dan secara morfologi dengan SEM Scanning Electron Microscope sudah terlihat kemiripan antara selulosa mikrokristal hasil hidrolisis dengan standar.

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Microcrystalline cellulose is an excipient commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations, especially tablet preparations. Microcrystalline cellulose has been successfully made from water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes through enzymatic hydrolysis process. This study aims to increase the quantity of microcrystalline cellulose produced by utilizing glucosidase inhibitors extracted from lichen, obtaining the optimum conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis including pH and time optimization, and obtaining its identity and physical properties compared to commercial microcrystalline cellulose, Avicel PH 101. The study began with the rejuvenation of Trichoderma reesei, then the cellulase enzyme extracted from Trichoderma reesei together with the glucosidase inhibitor extracted from the lichen were used for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from delignification of the water hyacinth powder to obtain microcrystalline cellulose. Microcrystalline cellulose from enzymatic hydrolysis results were identified, characterized, and compared with Avicel PH 101. The identity of microcrystalline cellulose was obtained through an infrared spectrum similar to the standard. Microcrystalline cellulose obtained in the form of a slightly coarse powder, odorless and tasteless and slightly yellowish than standard. Characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose obtained include blue violet color with iodine solution, particle size distribution of 2.01 m, pH 7.03, ash 0.23, moisture content 3.42, drying shrinkage 3.16 , passable particle density, as well as flow rate and angle of repose that met the requirements. Based on the comparison of difractogram pattern with X ray diffraction and morphology with SEM Scanning Electron Microscope a similarity was able to be seen between microcrystalline cellulose of hydrolysis result with standard."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 22-24Lichen planus is relatively common inflamatory disorder which may have cutaneous and/or mucosal manifestation. The maglinant potential of oral lichen planus is still debatable. Some authors are sceptical about the premaglinant nature of the disease, while other investigators have reporterd that maglinant transformation occur in 1-10% of the cases. The aim of this study is to report a case of erosive oral lichen planus which shows maglinant transformation on histopatologic examination. A man of 39 years old visited the Dental Departement of Kariadi's Hospital with pain symptom of palatum, buccal and gingival mucosa both side for 6 months. On the physical examination shows the white lesions with striae configuration and pain, red erosive area inside on the palatum extends to the buccal mucosa and the gingival. The suspect dignose is erosive lichen planus, but the histopathologic examination shows epidermoid carcinoma. lt is concluded that erosive oral lichen planus has the potential to transform into epidermoid carcinoma."

"Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a rather common oral disease, mainly affecting adults, occurring more often in women than in men. The etiopathogenesis is still unclear. The diagnosis may be cumbersome, even in the presence of a biopsy. In addition, there are several lesions that may resemble lichen planus (lichenoid lesions) both clinicallyand histopathologically. Treatment of OLP can only be symptomatic and usually consists of topical application of corticosteroids. The disease is characterized by remissions and exacerbations and may persist in some patients lifelong. There is an ongoing debate in the literature as whether OLP is a potentially malignant disease. Because of this uncertainty, annual follow-up is advised."

"Lichen Planus is a chronic inflammatory disease that effects the skin and mucous membrane of squamous cell origin. Oral Lichen Planus can occur without the skin lesion and there are six types of the oral lesion, erosive, atrophic, bulla, papular, plaque like and retiqular. This disease can be caused by several factor, among them are antihypertensive drugs and emotional stress. In this case report we present a 43 years old female patient who suffered from several types of oral lichen planus that induced by ramipril, an antihypertensive drug, and emotional stress. There were some progressions after the drug was discontinued but the disease was worsening when emotional stress occured. The severity of the disease can be controlled by the use of topical corticosteroid and multivitamins."

"Lichen selected in this research are Usnea blepharea Motyka taken from the mountain of Bawakaraeng Malino Gowa and Usnea flexuosa Tayl. from the mountain of Bambapuang Enrekang, South Sulawesi Province. This research was conducted to reveal the content of chemical compounds from the two species of the lichen on acetone extract as well as their bioactivity evaluation that include initial toxicity isolates on brine shrimp A. salina Leach lethality test, the cytotoxicity against P388 murine leukemia cells and anti-malarial activity against P. falciparum from pure compound. Isolation was carried out by utilising column chromatography using silica gel 60 stationary phase with eluent mixture of n-hexane and ethyl acetate in a gradient elution, followed by preparative thin layer chromatography and radial chromatography. Determination of molecular structure, by analyzing the UV-Vis spectral data, Infra Red, LC-MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D NMR include HMQC, HMBC, DEPT and COSY. The results of isolation of U. blepharea Motyka were obtained four compounds, namely a new bisxanton compound that is eumitrin M and 3 compounds have been found previously that are (-) - usnic acid, diffractaic acid and eumitrin A1. From U. flexuosa Tayl. were obtained a new phenolic compound, namely 2'-hydroxy-1'-(4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-ethanon and one compound that has been known that (-) - usnic acid. The results of bioactivity tests against 3 isolates of U. blepharea Motyka and 3 isolates of U. flexuosa Tayl. were all active against the brine shrimp A. salina Leach with LC50 values : B1 = 165,84 µg/mL, B2 = 109,03 µg/mL, B3 = 130,50 µg/mL, F1 = 35,73 µg/mL, F2 = 11,08 µg/mL, F3 = 8,47 µg/mL, respectively. The results of isolation of compound eumitrin A1 was active against murine P388 cells with IC50 4,5µg/mL, while both diffractaic acid and 2'-hydroxy-1'-(4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-methyl-phenyl) - ethanon were inactive against murine P388 cells with IC50 consecutive 17,5 µg/mL and 37,0 µg/mL. Anti-malarial activity against P. falciparum is owned by the compound eumitrin M with IC50 2.10-7M, while the (-)-usnic acid and diffractaic acid were not shown anti-malarial activity to P. falciparum.

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Lichen yang dipilih dalam penelitian ini adalah U. blepharea Motyka yang diambil dari gunung Bawakaraeng Malino Kabupaten Gowa dan U. flexuosa Tayl. dari gunung Bambapuang Kabupaten Enrekang Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengungkapkan kandungan senyawa kimia ekstrak aseton dari kedua lichen ini serta uji bioaktivitas yang meliputi uji awal toksisitas isolat dari ekstrak aseton terhadap larva udang A. salina Leach, uji sitotoksisitas terhadap sel leukemia murine P388 dan uji aktivitas anti malaria terhadap Plasmodium falciparum dari senyawa murni. Isolasi dilakukan dengan teknik kromatografi kolom menggunakan fasa diam silika gel 60 dengan eluen campuran n-heksana dan etil asetat secara gradien, dilanjutkan dengan kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif dan kromatografi radial. Penentuan struktur molekul dilakukan dengan menganalisis data spektrum UV-Vis, Infra Merah, LC-MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, NMR-2D meliputi HMQC, HMBC, DEPT dan COSY. Dari hasil isolasi terhadap U. blepharea Motyka diperoleh 4 senyawa, yaitu satu senyawa baru golongan bisxanton yaitu eumitrin M dan 3 senyawa yang telah ditemukan sebelumnya yaitu (-) - asam usnat, eumitrin A1 dan asam difraktat. Dari U. flexuosa Tayl. diperoleh satu senyawa baru, yaitu 2?-hidroksi-1?-(4-hidroksi-5-metoksi-2-metil-fenil)-etanon dan satu senyawa yang telah diketahui yaitu (-) - asam usnat. Dari hasil uji bioaktivitas terhadap 3 isolat U. blepharea Motyka dan 3 isolat U. flexuosa Tayl. semuanya aktif terhadap larva udang A. salina Leach dengan nilai LC50 berturut-turut : B1 = 165,84 µg/mL, B2 = 109,03 µg/mL, B3 = 130,50 µg/mL, F1 = 35,73 µg/mL, F2 = 11,08 µg/mL, F3 = 8,47 µg/mL. Hasil isolasi yaitu senyawa eumitrin A1 mempunyai potensi aktif terhadap sel murine P388 dengan nilai IC50 4,5 µg/mL sedangkan asam difraktat dan 2´-hidroksi-1´-(4-hidroksi-5-metoksi-2-metil-fenil)-etanon keduanya tidak aktif terhadap sel murine P388 dengan IC50 berturut-turut 17,5 µg/mL dan 37,0 µg/mL. Aktivitas anti malaria terhadap P. falciparum dimiliki oleh senyawa eumitrin M dengan nilai IC50 2.10-7 M, sedangkan senyawa asam usnat dan asam difraktat tidak menunjukkan aktivitas anti malaria terhadap P. falciparum."

"Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory condition that effects oral mucous membranes with a variety of clinical presentations including reticular, atrophic, plaque and ulcerative lesions. Corticosteroid is one of the effective therapy for OLP in reducing the sign and symptoms of this disease, but this therapy have a serious side effect, therefore to administering one must consider the patient?s systemic condition. We reported a case of OLP in 52 years old female patient who has no history of diabetes mellitus and unknown glucose level. Management of this patient included application of corticosteroid swish, topical 0.05% clobetasol propionate and 0,1% triamcinolone acetonide, antimycotics, improvement the oral hygiene status and referral to internal medicine specialist. The next treatments plan challenging because unstable blood glucose level which in turn effects the drug choice and teeth extraction plan. We concluded that the treatment of OLP requires a complete assessment of medical status and lab studies specially on the first visit so the drug selection with corticosteroid therapy and the treatment planning of predisposing factor are effective in reducing the sign and symptoms of OLP with minimum systemic side effect."

"Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the oral mucous membranes with a variety of clinical presentations, including reticular, atrophic (desquamative gingivitis) and ulcrative lesions. Treatment aims primarily to reduce the length and severity of symptomatic outbreaks. We report a case of OLP in 53 years old female patient with hypertension as underlying disease. The patient had been treated with nifedipine and reserpine for twelve years. Management of the patient included the application of 0.05% clobetasol propionate in a custom tray for erosive gingival lesions, nutritional supplementation, oral hygiene promotion and consultation to internal medicine specialist. The improvement of OLP requires a complete assessment of the medical status and elimination of local exacerbating factors. Systemic drug therapy is needed if OLP is suspected as the cause of oral lichenoid lesion. Changing to other drug regimes may also become necessary for improved immune status."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 353-357Oral squamous cell carcinoma represents more than 90% of all oral cancers. Ten percent of the cases are found on the buccal mucosa and the gingiva. The World Health Organization defines a premalignant or precancerous lesion as a morphologically altered tissue in which cancer is more likely occur and includes oral leukoplakia, oral erythroplakia, and possibly oral lichen planus (OLP). The purpose of this study was to discuss the possibility of malignant transformation of OLP. The potency of OLP as a premalignant lesion is still an ongoing controversial discussion in the literature. The report a case of oral squamous cell carcinoma located on the left buccal mucosa accompanied by oral lichenoid lesions on the right buccal mucosa, lower labial mucosa, and left buccal mucosa. These findings led to a possibility of malignant transformation of the oral lichenoid lesions. Unfortunately, biopsy on the lichenoid lesions was not performed. Therefore, a definitive diagnosis of OLP could be established and the possibility of the lesions being dysplastic remained unclear. This study concluded that biopsy is mandatory to establish a definitive diagnosis of OLP and to investigate the possibility of dysplasia. It is necessary to perform examination of genetic alterations in dysplastic OLP in order to assess loss of heterozygosity (LOH), which may help to consider the risk of malignant transformation."