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"The discovery of “linguistic universals”, the properties that all languages havein common, is a fundamental goal of linguistic research. Linguists face the task of accounting for why languages, which apparently differ so greatly fromone another on the surface, display striking similarities in their underlyingstructure. This volume brings together a team of leading experts to show howdifferent linguistic theories have approached this challenge. Drawing on workfrom both formal and functional perspectives, it provides a comprehensiveoverview of the most notable work on linguistic universals, with chapterson syntax, semantics, phonology, morphology, and typology, and explores arange of central issues, such as the relationship between linguistic universalsand the language faculty, and what linguistic universals can tell us about ourbiological make-up and cognitive abilities. Clear, succinct, and fully up-todate,it will be invaluable to anyone seeking a greater understanding of thephenomenon that is human language."

"Sign languages are of great interest to linguists, because, although they are the product of the same brain, their physical transmission differs greatly from that of spoken languages. In this pioneering and original study, Wendy Sandler and Diane Lillo-Martin compare sign languages with spoken languages, in order to seek the universal properties they share. Drawing on general linguistic theory, they describe and analyze sign language structure, showing linguistic universals in the phonology, morphology, and syntax of sign language, while also revealing non-universal aspects of its structure that must be attributed to its physical transmission system. No prior background in sign language linguistics is assumed, and numerous pictures are provided to make descriptions of signs and facial expressions accessible to readers. Engaging and informative."

"A research perspective that takes language use into account opens up new views of old issues and provides an understanding of issues that linguists have rarely addressed. Referencing new developments in cognitive and functional linguistics, phonetics, and connectionist modeling, this book investigates various ways in which a speaker/hearer’s experience with language affects the representation of phonology. Rather than assuming phonological representations in terms of phonemes, Joan Bybee adopts an exemplar model, in which specific tokens of use are stored and categorized phonetically with reference to variables in the context. This model allows an account of phonetically gradual sound change that produces lexical variation, and provides an explanatory account of the fact that many reductive sound changes affect highfrequency items first. The well-known effects of type and token frequency on morphologically conditioned phonological alterations are shown also to apply to larger sequences, such as fixed phrases and constructions, solving some of the problems formulated previously as dealing with the phonology–syntax interface."