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"Monyet tonkean (Macaca tonkeana) merupakan spesies yang secara alami hidup berkelompok, tetapi monyet tonkean jantan di Gembira Loka Zoo dipelihara secara soliter selama 10 tahun tanpa adanya pasangan kawin maupun individu sejenis. Kondisi tersebut berpotensi memicu munculnya perilaku stereotipe karena berlangsung dalam waktu yang lama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi adaptasi monyet tonkean jantan melalui pengamatan perilaku harian. Pengamatan dilakukan di Gembira Loka Zoo selama dua bulan dari Januari hingga Februari 2025 dengan total 30 pengulangan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling dengan total 36 sample point setiap pengulangan. Subjek penelitian ini adalah seekor monyet tonkean jantan bernama Boti (±20 tahun) yang berada dalam kandang soliter. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, perilaku harian yang teramati terdiri dari resting (55,93%), feeding (18,41%), autogrooming (12,60%), moving (11,05%), stereotipe (1,66%), sexual (0,18%), dan vocalization (0,18%). Perilaku stereotipe yang muncul adalah pace, self-bite, dan self-hit. Perilaku stereotipe tidak muncul selama empat hari setelah pemberian enrichment. Perilaku sosial terhadap manusia yang teramati meliputi netral, non-contact aggression, dan close proximity. Perilaku body contact dan contact aggression tidak teramati selama pengamatan. Strategi adaptasi utama individu ini tercermin melalui pemanfaatan waktu yang relatif tinggi untuk beristirahat dan makan karena ketiadaan kompetitor serta kemunculan perilaku masturbasi sebagai aktivitas pengganti hubungan seksual karena ketiadaan betina atau pasangan kawin.

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Tonkean macaque (Macaca tonkeana) is a species that naturally lives in groups. However, a male tonkean macaque at Gembira Loka Zoo has been kept in solitary conditions for ten years without the presence of a mate or conspecifics. This prolonged isolation potentially induces the emergence of stereotypic behaviors. This study aims to analyze the adaptive strategies of the solitary male tonkean macaque through daily behavioral observations. Observations were conducted at Gembira Loka Zoo over a two-month period from January to February 2025, with a total of 30 repetitions. The research employed focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling methods, with a total of 36 sample points per repetition. The subject of this study was a solitary male tonkean macaque named Boti (approximately 20 years old). The observed daily behaviors consisted of resting (55.93%), feeding (18.41%), autogrooming (12.60%), moving (11.05%), stereotypic behaviors (1.66%), sexual behavior (0.18%), and vocalization (0.18%). The identified stereotypic behaviors included pacing, self-biting, and self-hitting. These behaviors were not observed for four consecutive days following the provision of enrichment. The observed social behaviors directed toward humans included neutral responses, non-contact aggression, and close proximity. Body contact and contact aggression were not observed during the study period. The primary adaptive strategies of this individual were reflected in the high proportion of time spent resting and feeding, likely due to the absence of competitors, and the occurrence of masturbation behavior as a substitute for sexual interaction in the absence of a female or mating partner."

"Monyet dige (Macaca hecki) merupakan satwa endemik Sulawesi yang hidup berkelompok dengan struktur multimale dan multifemale dan sistem perkawinan promiscuity. Komposisi monyet dige di Gembira Loka Zoo hanya terdiri dari dua individu betina tanpa keberadaan jantan, yang dapat saja memicu munculnya perilaku homoseksual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis interaksi sosial antarbetina tanpa keberadaan jantan di Gembira Loka Zoo dan mengamati siklus estrus melalui kemunculan sexual swelling. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap dua individu betina (B1 dan B2) monyet dige dengan metode scan sampling dan ad libitum, sebanyak 30 kali pengulangan data dengan interval waktu 10 menit. Hasil menunjukkan proporsi perilaku harian kedua individu tertinggi hingga terendah, yaitu resting > moving > autogrooming > feeding > stereotype. Perilaku stereotype hanya ditunjukkan oleh Individu B1. Hasil interaksi sosial antarbetina menunjukkan proporsi perilaku afiliatif lebih tinggi (91,03%) dibanding perilaku agonistik (8,97%), perilaku teramati meliputi close proximity, allogrooming, contact sitting, hugging, genital inspection, mounting, pelvic thrusting, contact aggression, non-contact aggression, dan submissive. Teramati terdapat bentuk hierarki di antara kedua individu, yaitu B1 cenderung dominan dibanding B2 cenderung subordinat. Dominasi B1 tercermin dalam perilaku agonistik seperti contact aggression dan non-contact aggression, yang direspons oleh B2 melalui perilaku submissive. Perilaku homoseksual teramati antara individu dominan terhadap subordinat sebagai bentuk kompensasi ketiadaan individu jantan yang dipengaruhi oleh hormon, meliputi genital inspection (9,38%), mounting (1,83%), dan pelvic thrusting (0,41%). Kedua individu memperlihatkan sexual swelling sebagai indikator kesuburan pada masa estrus dan menandakan siklus reproduksi aktif. Kondisi ini berpotensi dapat dikawinkan dengan individu jantan dalam mendorong keberhasilan reproduksi Gembira Loka Zoo.

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Heck’s macaques (Macaca hecki) are endemic animals of Sulawesi that naturally lives in multimale–multifemale social groups and promiscuous mating system. The composition of heck’s macaques at Gembira Loka Zoo consists of only two female individuals without the presence of a male, potentially triggering homosexual behavior. This research to analyze social interactions between female in the absence of a male at Gembira Loka Zoo and to observe the estrus cycle through the occurrence of sexual swelling. Observations were conducted on two female individuals (B1 and B2) using scan sampling and ad libitum methods, repeated 30 times at 10-minute intervals. The results of both individuals daily behavior from highest to lowest, resting > moving > autogrooming > feeding > stereotype. Stereotype behavior was only observed in B1. The results of social interactions, a higher proportion of affiliative behaviors (91.03%) compared to agonistic behaviors (8.97%), including close proximity, allogrooming, contact sitting, hugging, genital inspection, mounting, pelvic thrusting, contact aggression, non-contact aggression, and submissive behaviour. A hierarchy was observed, with B1 being more dominant and B2 subordinate. B1’s dominance was reflected in agonistic behaviors such as contact and non-contact aggression, while B2 responded with submissive behavior. Homosexual behaviors were observed from dominant to subordinate individual as form of hormonal compensation of absence male, including genital inspection (9.38%), mounting (1.83%), and pelvic thrusting (0.41%). Both individuals displayed sexual swelling during estrus, indicating active reproductive cycles. This condition suggests that introducing a male could support breeding efforts and enhance reproductive success at Gembira Loka Zoo."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap perilaku pengasuhan anak pada keluarga Macaca hecki Matschie, 1901 di Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan Jakarta. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengamati pengasuhan terhadap infant yang ditempatkan dalam satu kelompok dan ada atau tidaknya keterlibatan anggota keluarga lain dalam peran pengasuhan. Metode yang digunakan yaitu focal animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling dengan interval waktu 10 menit tanpa jeda selama 25 hari dengan total waktu 7500 menit. Pengamatan dilakukan selama lima hari dalam sepekan. Pengamatan perilaku pengasuhan dimulai pada pukul 09.00--15.00 WIB. Waktu pengamatan disesuaikan dengan Macaca hecki yang bersifat diurnal aktif pada pagi hingga sore hari dan disesuaikan dengan perizinan yang diberikan oleh pihak Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, Jakarta. Aktivitas pengasuhan yang diamati berupa perilaku menggendong, menelisik, mendekat, istirahat, bergerak, kontak tubuh, menyusui dan penolakan. Subjek pengamatan yaitu satu kelompok Macaca hecki yang terdiri dari induk jantan, induk betina, empat ekor anak dan satu infant. Pola pengasuhan yang terjadi menunjukan induk betina mendominasi dari seluruh perilaku harian aktivitas pengasuhan sebesar 92,99, diikuti oleh kakak ketiga 11, kakak keempat 4,5, kakak pertama 4,195, kakak kedua 3,56 serta induk jantan 0,09. Aktivitas perilaku pengasuhan yang mendominasi adalah aktivitas istirahat.

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Research has been toward parenting behavior of Macaca hecki Matcshie, 1901 family in Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan Jakarta. Research conducted to observe parenting toward infant that placed in one group family and the presence or absence of other family members 39 involvement in parenting roles. The focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling methods is used to record parenting behavior within 10 minute intervals without interlude of 25 days with a total time of 7500 minutes. Observations were made five days a week. Observation of parenting behavior begins at 09.00 15.00 WIB. The observation time is adjusted to diurnal Macaca hecki active in the morning to late afternoon and adjusted to the permission given by the Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, Jakarta. Parenting activities observed include carrying, allogrooming, approaching, resting, moving, body contact, breastfeeding and rejection. The subject of observation is one group family of Macaca hecki include male parent, female parent, four childerns and one infant. The pattern of parenting that occurs shows the female parent dominates from all the daily behavior of parenting activities by 92.99, followed by third sister 11, fourth brother 4.5, first brother 4.195, second sister 3.56 and male parent 0.09. Resting is the activities of parenting behavior that dominate."