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Abstrak :
Makalah ini mengulas bagaimana mekanisasi pertanian mempengaruhi Kamboja. Mekanisasi pertanian, lonjakan global mesin pertanian, muncul untuk mencukupi peningkatan permintaan produk pertanian akibat pertumbuhan populasi dan tingkat pendapatan dengan produksi pertanian yang efisien, lebih tinggi, dan produktif. Peningkatan inovasi teknologi yang sejalan dengan sektor pertanian menjadi perhatian penting di pasar pertanian Kamboja, yang mempunyai pengaruh positif dalam mendorong produksi yang lebih tinggi, kecukupan pangan, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Kapasitas pemanfaatan mekanisasi pertanian sangat penting untuk menentukan intensitas hasil produksi. Dengan volume ekspor pertanian yang tinggi, Kamboja produktif dalam memanfaatkan inovasi teknologi dalam produksi pertaniannya. Mekanisasi pertanian telah menggantikan input produksi manual, seperti sapi dan petani yang kurang terampil di Kamboja, dengan mesin untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan produktivitas pertanian, yang berkontribusi pada berkurangnya lapangan kerja di sektor pertanian. Untuk melindungi tenaga kerja, menghilangkan inefisiensi pasar dan kerugian akibat mekanisasi pertanian, pemerintah dapat menerapkan kebijakan pengurangan upah minimum dan subsidi yang menjadi solusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan berikut. ......This study assess how Agricultural Mechanisation affects Cambodia. Agricultural mechanisation, the global surge of agricultural machinery, arises to suffice the increasing demand of agricultural products due to the growing population and income level with an efficient, higher, and productive agricultural production. Improvement of technological innovation that coincides with the agricultural sector is an important concern in the agricultural market of Cambodia, which has a positive influence to promote higher production, food- sufficiency, and economic growth. Utilisation capacity of agricultural mechanisation is crucial to determine production output intensity. With high agricultural exports volume, Cambodia is productive in utilising technological innovations in their agricultural production. Agricultural mechanisation has been substituting manual production inputs, such as cattle and less skilled farmers in Cambodia, with machineries to increase agricultural efficiency and productivity, which contributes to a lower employment in the agricultural sector. To protect labours, eliminate market inefficiencies and losses due to agricultural mechanisation, the government can enforce the policy of minimum wage reduction and subsidy which serve as the solution to solve the following concerns.

Abstrak :
One of the distinctive languages of Central Maluku, Naka’ela, was once spoken by a remnant language community on the north coast of Seram. Relying on data collected in Seram in 1978, Naka’ela has been among the Central Maluku languages included in studies of morphophonology (Collins 1983a, 1983b), areal phonology shift (1982, 2018a), and language classification (Collins 1983a). A fallacious, mechanistic classification of Naka’ela (Mahsun et al. 2008; Mukhamdanah 2015) was also published and has been recently disproven (Collins 2019a, 2019b). This essay will review some of the aspects of the Naka’ela language system by exploring what we can discern about verbal conjugation systems and genitive paradigms in this Central Maluku language. Based on contemporary reports from Seram (Sadrach Latue, p.c., 27-10-2018), the Naka’ela language, like so many others in Central Maluku, is no longer spoken; nor are there “rememberers” of this extinct language. In this setting of dead and forgotten languages, we recall the brutal genocides and culture murders in Australia (Daniel Nettle and Suzanne Romaine 2000). Recently, Dianne Biritjalawuy Gondarra, a Yolngu woman from northern Australia, explained that “culture is a shadow, it’s something that follows your everywhere, and part of culture is language, which connects me back to my land” (James Griffths 2020). This essay is intended to shed more light on Naka’ela and the complex setting of fading multilingualism in Central Maluku. The displaced, disregarded Naka’ela community survives in Seram, their land, but their language is only a shade, a ghostly memory.

Abstrak :
This paper introduced a nonlinear finite element model using Msc.MARC to study behavior of concrete columns partially confined with metal sheet strips under uniaxial compression. The concrete and the metal sheet parts were modeled using the linear Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion and the Von-Mises yield criterion, respectively. Behaviors of the interface (bonding) material, both in the normal direction and the parallel direction to the interface, were modeled as a bilinear function based on the cohesive energy and the crack widths. The columns in this study had circular cross sections with the diameter of 15 cm and the height of 75 cm, wrapped around by 5 cm metal sheet strips. The results from 3D finite element modeling were analyzed for internally induced stresses and strains. The predicted column behavior was compatible with observed experimental data. The detailed mechanisms that were difficult to visualize during the laboratory experiments could be obtained from the analysis. It was revealed that the area of confinement and the number of applied metal sheet layers were important factors to the strength increase. The discrete confinement system was shown to be a promising alternative to the one-piece full-wrap system.