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Abstrak :
Peningkatan tinggi pada Urban Heat Island (UHI) merupakan salah satu kontributor utama perubahan iklim dan menjadi masalah lingkungan yang mendesak di kota-kota padat tinggi saat ini. Perkembangan lingkungan luar ruang mempengaruhi pola dan perilaku penduduk kota. Parameter iklim dan fisik mempengaruhi kenyamanan termal manusia dalam melakukan aktivitas di luar ruangan. Dalam konteks studi perkotaan, berjalan kaki merupakan salah satu aktivitas ruang luar utama. Namun, iklim sebagai faktor yang mengidentifikasi keberhasilan ruang luar tidak banyak dibahas dalam studi sebelumnya terutama dalam konteks kawasan tropis. Penelitian ini mengkaji iklim mikro dan kenyamanan termal di jalur pejalan kaki Jalan MH. Thamrin dan Sudirman, Jakarta. Analisis penelitian menggunakan simulasi Envi-met dan RayMan untuk mengetahui korelasi variabel fisik dan spasial terhadap iklim mikro dan kenyamanan termal. Tingkat kenyamanan berjalan kaki dianalisis menggunakan simulasi Outdoor Thermal Comfort (OTC). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mengetahui pengaruh konfigurasi ruang dan modifikasi iklim mikro terhadap kenyamanan berjalan kaki melalui studi kenyamanan termal dan kenyamanan berjalan kaki di kawasan tropis. Penelitian telah menemukan bahwa hampir sembilan jam sehari, dari jam 8 pagi sampai jam 4 sore dianggap sebagai kondisi yang tidak nyaman karena radiasi matahari yang tinggi. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa Sky View Factor (SVF) dan Rasio Lebar Tinggi (rasio H / W) secara signifikan berkorelasi dengan kenyamanan termal dan kenyamanan berjalan kaki. Berdasarkan penelitian, untuk mencapai kenyamanan termal di kawasan tropis nilai SVF berkisar 0-0,35 dan rasio H/W di atas 1. Penelitian ini berimplikasi pada teori Oke terutama pada konfigurasi spasial dan kenyamanan termal di wilayah beriklim tropis yang membutuhkan teduhan. Sedangkan bagi perencana kota, vegetasi merupakan strategi yang paling efektif terutama pada kawasan yang telah terbangun dan berkepadatan tinggi. ......Rapid increase of high Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity as one of the main contributors to climate change is an urgent environmental issue in high dense cities today. The development of outdoor environment influence the pattern and behavior of city dwellers. Climate and physical features parameters affect the thermal comfort of humans doing their outdoor activities. In the context of urban design studies, Walking is a main outdoor activity of pedestrians. However, climate factors in identifying the success of an outdoor design is not frequently discussed especially in the tropical context. This study investigates the microclimate and pedestrian’s thermal comfort in Sudirman and Thamrin sidewalk, Jakarta. Integration of computer simulation models of Envi-met and RayMan was used to determine the correlation of physical and spatial variables with the microclimate and thermal comfort. The level of walking comfort was analyzed using the correlation model Outdoor Thermal Comfort (OTC). This study aims to determine the effect of various spatial configuration and micro-climate modification on thermal comfort and walking comfort in tropical region. Research has found that nearly nine hours a day, from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. is considered an uncomfortable condition due to high solar radiation. This study shows that Sky View Factor (SVF) and Height to Width Ratio (H / W ratio) are significantly correlated with thermal comfort and walking comfort. This study also found that to achieve thermal comfort in the tropical regions, the value of SVF need to be on the ranges from 0-0.35 while the H / W ratio is above 1. This research has implications on Oke’s theory, especially in spatial planning and thermal comfort in tropical climates that require shadings. Meanwhile, for urban planners, vegetation is the most effective strategy to achieve thermal comfort, especially in developed and high-density areas.

Abstrak :
The growth of the Yogyakarta Urban Area (YUA) has led to an increasing of the microclimate, characterized by elevated temperatures. One of the efforts to decrease temperature is by establishing the development of Green Open Space (GOS). According to Law Number 26/2007 about Spatial Planning, a minimum of 30% of the total area must be designated as green open space. IKONOS satellite images taken in 2009 showed that GOS represented 43.36% of the total area for YUA. However, there are still areas which are characterized by high temperatures (more than 36.5o C). By applying Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis with an overlay technique among three factors such as canopy, building and population density, the priority zone for GOS development was identified. Based on the analysis, 38.82% of the area was designated as low priority for GOS development, 32.38% as middle priority, and 28.80% as very high priority to be developed as GOS. The land conversion is bigger and has high potency on private sector. GOS development needs to be established in the public sector, such as the creation of urban parks. Community empowerment strategies, application of incentive - disincentive mechanisms, and efforts towards GOS productivity improvement can encourage implementation.

Abstrak :
Kepadatan penduduk di Jakarta menimbulkan berbagai masalah perkotaan. Salah satu permasalahan yang timbul adalah kenyamanan termal dengan sensasi panas yang tidak nyaman. Hal ini juga diperparah dengan pemanfaatan ruang perkotaan yang tidak proporsional sehingga perbaikan sensasi termal sulit untuk diwujudkan. Perbaikan kenyamanan termal dilakukan terhadap wilayah mikro kemudian perlahan melakukan evaluasi dengan skala yang lebih besar. Penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya banyak membahas mengenai hubungan antar variabel meteorologi dengan Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) dan Thermal Comfort Vote (TCV) dan kaitannya terhadap rekomendasi penambahan vegetasi. Namun sangat jarang dibahas terkait peluang responden untuk merubah persepsinya terhadap sensasi termal yang dirasakan setelah adanya evaluasi dan perbaikan kenyamanan termal. Teknik Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR) digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk menghasilkan model prediktif dari pengamatan yang melibatkan TSV dan TCV terhadap variabel meteorologi. Sedangkan metode ANOVA, digunakan untuk mendapatkan kisaran netral suhu yang dapat diterima di dua lokasi studi, Kelurahan Gunung Sahari Selatan dan Kelurahan Tanjung Priok. Simulasi pemanfaatan ruang di kedua lokasi studi dilakukan dengan evaluasi kenyamanan termal serta penambahan vegetasi menggunakan bantuan ENVI-Met. Penelitian menemukan kisaran netral suhu yang dapat diterima untuk membentuk TSV = 0 (Netral) di Gunung Sahari Selatan adalah 31,29 ± 0,96 ºC, sedangkan di Tanjung Priok adalah 31,32 ± 0,87 ºC. Juga didapatkan kisaran netral suhu yang dapat diterima untuk pembentuk respon TCV = 0 (Netral) di Gunung Sahari Selatan sebesar 31,21 ± 1,23 ºC dan di Tanjung Priok sebesar 31,12 ± 0,93 ºC. Model OLR yang terbentuk menyimpulkan bahwa setiap peningkatan suhu 1ºC dan kecepatan angin 1 m/s akan meningkatkan peluang respon untuk TSV=+3/7 (Panas) adalah sebesar 200% di Gunung Sahari Selatan. Sedangkan OLR untuk pengamatan di Tanjung Priok, disimpulkan bahwa setiap peningkatan suhu 1ºC dan penurunan kelembaban relatif 1% akan meningkatkan peluang respon untuk TSV=+3/7 (panas) sebesar 0%. Hasil evaluasi kenyamanan termal melalui simulasi penambahan vegetasi membuktikan bahwa terjadi penurunan batas bawah suhu hingga 0,08 ºC di Gunung Sahari dan penurunan batas atas suhu hingga 0,33 ºC di Tanjung Priok. Fakta-fakta tersebut memperlihatkan bahwa pemanfaatan ruang di Jakarta belum proporsional sehingga mayoritas dari responden memilih TSV = +3 (Panas) dan TCV = -1 (Sedikit Tidak Nyaman). Hal tersebut membuktikan pemanfaatan ruang yang tidak proporsional dapat memperburuk kenyamanan termal iklim mikro. ......The population density in Jakarta has been raising various urban problems. One of those problems that arise are thermal comfort with an uncomfortable hot sensation. That’s also exacerbated by the disproportionate use of urban space so the improvement of thermal sensations is difficult to realize. The improvement of thermal comfort are generally carried out on the micro region then slowly evaluating it on a larger scale. Previous studies have discussed the relationship between meteorological variables with the Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) and Thermal Comfort Vote (TCV) and their relation to recommendations for adding vegetation. However, it rarely discussed regarding the opportunity for respondents to change their perception of thermal sensation that felt after an evaluation and improvement of thermal comfort. Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR) technique applied in this study to produce predictive models from observations involving TSV, TCV and meteorological variables. Meanwhile, the ANOVA method used to obtain a neutral range of acceptable temperatures in two locations; Gunung Sahari Selatan and Tanjung Priok. Spatial utilization simulation in both study locations was carried out by evaluating thermal comfort and adding vegetation using the ENVI-Met. The study found that the acceptable temperature neutral range for forming TSV = 0 (Neutral) at Gunung Sahari Selatan was 31.29 ± 0.96 ºC, while at Tanjung Priok it was 31.32 ± 0.87 ºC. Also obtained the acceptable temperature neutral range to form a TCV = 0 (neutral) response at Gunung Sahari Selatan of 31.21 ± 1.23 ºC and at Tanjung Priok of 31.12 ± 0.93 ºC. The OLR model concluded that every 1ºC increase in temperature and 1 m/s wind speed will increase the chance of a response for TSV=+3/7 (Hot) by 200% at Gunung Sahari Selatan. While the OLR for observations at Tanjung Priok concluded that every 1°C increase in temperature and 1% decrease in relative humidity would increase the chance of a response for TSV=+3/7 (Hot) by 0%. The results of the evaluation of thermal comfort through the simulation of adding vegetation proved that there was a decrease in the lower temperature limit to 0.08 ºC at Gunung Sahari and a decrease in the upper temperature limit to 0.33 ºC at Tanjung Priok. These facts shown that space utilization in Jakarta is not proportional enough so that the majority of respondents choose TSV = +3 (Hot) and TCV = -1 (Slightly Uncomfortable). It was also proves that disproportionate space utilization can exacerbated the microclimate thermal comfort.