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"ABSTRAKMembangun TNI menjadi ?militer profesional? mensyaratkan perlunya depolitisasi militer, disamping anggaran militer yang cukup dan kultur militer pengabdi. Depolitisasi militer adalah upaya menjadikan TNI militer profesional dengan cara membebaskannya dari semua fungsi non-militer yang tidak termasuk ke dalam misi kemanusian (civic mission) dan misi perdamaian (peace keeping). Disertasi ini berfokus pada depolitisasi militer sebagai studi kasus utama. Sementara dua indikator ?lain, yaitu anggaran militer yang cukup dan kultur militer pengabdi? hanya digunakan untuk membantu analisis.Reformasi militer yang ditandai kelahiran sejumlah kebijakan depolitisasi militer bertujuan mengubah wajah tentara pretorian TNI menjadi tentara profesional untuk melaksanakan fungsi pertahanan militer (military defense) yang cepat-tanggap (responsif) dan dapat diandalkan (reliable) terhadap ancaman militer negara musuh. Namun kebijakan TNI yang tetap mempertahankan fungsi teritorial Satuan Kowil TNI AD dinilai belum sepenuhnya berminat pada program militer profesional, sehingga menyisakan pro dan kontra. Disertasi ini membahas 5 jenis kasus implementasi fungsi pembinaan teritorial Satuan Kowil TNI AD di Provinsi DKI Jakarta pasca berlakunya UU TNI Nomor 34 Tahun 2004, yaitu: (1) pembinan persatuan dan kesatuan; (2) pembinaan keamanan wilayah (siskamling); (3) pembinaan tokoh masyarakat; (4) pembinaan generasi muda; (5) pembinaan Menwa. Studi kasus fungsi pembinaan teritorial Satuan Kowil TNI AD bertujuan untuk menjelaskan sejauh mana fungsi pembinaan teritorial Satuan Kowil TNI AD merupakan fungsi pertahan militer. Juga untuk menjelaskan posisi Satuan Kowil TNI AD dan fungsi pembinaan teritorialnya dalam diskursus teori militer yang ada. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, tipe penelitian deskriptif analitis, strategi penelitian studi kasus dan analisa kualitatif. Pengumpulan data kualitatif dilakukan melalui wawancara dan telaah pustaka/dokumen. Sedangkan teori yang digunakan dalam menganalisis implementasi fungsi teritorial Satuan Kowil TNI AD di Provinsi DKI Jakarta pasca berlakunya UU TNI Nomor 34 Tahun 2004, yaitu: teori fungsi teritorial, teori militer (tentara pretorian, tentara profesional, tentara profesional revolusioner), teori perang total, teori supremasi sipil, serta teori demokrasi dan demokratisasi.Hasil studi ini mengungkap bahwa depolitisasi militer pasca berlakunya UU TNI Nomor 34 Tahun 2004 belum dapat membebaskan Satuan Kowil TNI AD dari fungsi non-militer. Analisis terhadap 5 jenis kasus implementasi fungsi pembinaan teritorial Satuan Kowil TNI di Provinsi DKI Jakarta menunjukkan bahwa meskipun tidak lagi mengandung politik praktis, semua fungsi teritorial Satuan Kowil TNI AD masih mencakup fungsi non-militer dan semua fungsi non-militer itu bukan bagian dari fungsi pertahanan militer. Dengan demikian hasil studi ini menegaskan belum berlangsungnya depolitisasi militer di TNI secara menyeluruh. Studi ini menemukan faktor internal dan eksternal sebagai dasar alasan TNI AD melaksanakan fungsi non-militer. Faktor internal, yaitu: profesionalisme non-militernya dan kultur militernya berupa Jati Diri TNI sebagai tentara rakyat, tentara pejuang dan tentara nasional profesional yang sangat mengakar dalam doktrin TNI Tri Dharma Eka Putra dan doktrin TNI AD Kartika Eka Paksi. Sedangkan faktor eksternal, yaitu: sistem pertahanan semesta, tugas pokok TNI operasi militer selain perang, tugas TNI AD memberdayakan wilayah pertahanan di darat, serta respon pemerintah daerah terhadap implementasi fungsi non-militer Satuan Kowil TNI AD yang tidak lagi mengandung politik praktis. Hasil studi mengungkap adanya pergeseran sikap politik TNI AD yang kembali menganut tipologi ?tentara profesional revolusioner? setelah menganut tipologi tentara pretorian dan tipologi tentara profesional pretorian. Pilihan politik TNI AD kembali menganut tipologi ?militer profesional revolusioner? didasarkan pada pengalaman fungsi non-militernya pada masa perang revolusi kemerdekaan dan masa pergolakan internal yang telah memberinya otonomi dan esklusifitas. Pengalaman profesional non-militernya pada masa Orde Baru juga memberinya kebanggaan profesional sebagai agen modernisasi dan pembangunan sekaligus sebagai pasukan ?pemadam kebakaran?. Berdasarkan temuan tersebut dirumuskan suatu asumsi teoritis bahwa militer yang sejak lahirnya menganut tioplogi ?militer profesional revolusioner? lalu kemudian menganut tipologi ?militer pretorian? dan tipologi ?profesional pretorian? sangat sulit melakukan depolitisasi militer dan cenderung kembali ke ?militer profesional revolusioner? ketimbang berlanjut ke tipologi ?militer profesional?. Kesulitan dan kecenderungan itu disebabkan oleh nilai-nilai revolusioner; Jati Diri TNI yang sudah menjadi bagian dari kultur militernya, sehingga ciri profesionalismenya berbeda dengan konsep profesionalisme dalam tipologi ?militer profesional?. Meskipun demikian disertasi ini tetap melihat bahwa depolitisasi militer memberi peluang kepada militer Indonesia untuk menjadi militer profesional.

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ABSTRACTTo develop TNI (Indonesian National Army) to be professional military have three indicators : the need military depolitisation, the need of enough budget and military official culture. Military depolitisation is the effort of TNI professional military by freer from all non military function which excludes the humanitarian functions such as civic mission and peace keeping. This dissertation will focus on the military depolitisation as major case study. The other two indicators will be used only to fuel the analysis. The aim of depolitisation policies are to change the image of praetorian army of TNI to be professional in order to do military defense functions, responsive and reliable towards threat from foreign enemy. However the TNI policies which are maintain the territorial functions Satuan Kowil TNI AD does not interested in professional military, that?s why they produce pro and con on that issue. This Dissertation explains the implementations of territorial functions of Satuan Kowil TNI AD by using 5 cases in DKI Province post the implementation of the UU TNI No. 34/2004. There are 1) pembinaan persatuan dan kesatuan (Cultivating the unity of the republic); 2) pembinaan keamanan wilayah (cultivating local territorial security); 3) pembinaan tokoh masyarat (cultivating the local leaders); 4) pembinaan generasi muda (cultivating young generations); 5) pembinaan Menwa (cultivating students regiment). This case study of the function of pembinaan territorial Satuan Kowil TNI AD constitute as the defense military functions. This dissertation is also explain and analysis the position of the Satuan Kowil TNI AD and the functions of the territorial in the theoretical analysis.This method of the study is a qualitative, descriptive analysis, using case study as a focus of the data qualitative analysis. The data of this disertation derived from the interview, observation and library research. Some theories of the implementation of the territorial Satuan Kowil TNI AD in DKI Province post the implementation of the UU TNI No. 34/2004 are discussed for analyzing this dissertation. The theories are territorial function theory, military theory such as praetorian, professional and revolutionary professional military. Other theories are total war theory and civilian supremacy theory and also theory of democracy and democratisation. The result of this study shows that military depolitisation is not yet to free Satuan Kowil TNI AD from the non military functions. To answers the first question which contains 5 cases also expained that the Satuan Kowil TNI AD implement all the function of the non military which are not in the category of the defense military functions. So, this study shows very clear that there is no substantial program on the military depolitisation. This study also shows that internal and external factors as the basis of the reasons of the TNI AD to conduct non military functions. Internal factors are non military professionalism, and the existence of the military TNI as people army, fighter?s army during colonial era and professional army. The military conduct their activity based on Indonesian military doctrines Tri Dharma Eka Putra and Kartika Eka Paksi. While external factors are include total defense, military operation in a war, and also the response of the local governments towards the implementation of the non military functions Satuan Kowil TNI AD which is not considered as political practice.This study is also found that there is shifting of the political attitude of TNI AD which followed the military typology revolutionary professional military after praetorian military and professional praetorian. The political choice of TNI AD ?revolutionary professional military? based on the experience of non military functions during revolutionary war to get independents and afterwards. Furthermore, the experienced of military during the New Order regime are perceived as the agent of modernization and development. This study ? based on this finding- conceptualize theoretical assumption that military in Indonesia since the early used revolutionary professional military typology and move into military praetorian and professional praetorian. Therefore, this study shows the difficulties to conduct military depolitisation and tends to go back into revolutionary professional military rather than professional military because of the values of revolutionary during the development of the military in Indonesia which is embedded in the military culture. The TNI AD has professionalism character which is different from the typology of the professional military according the theory discussed above. Therefore this dissertation suggested that military depolitisation give an opportunity for the military in Indonesia become military professional."

"Menentukan suatu lokasi dimana fasilitas akan dibangun merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam proses perencanaan bisnis maupun militer. Indonesia, sebagai negara yang memiliki wilayah yang luas, memiliki permasalahan didalam menentukan lokasi yang tepat untuk menempatkan skuadron pesawat tempur yang dimilikinya dalam sistem pertahanan nasional. Masalahnya menjadi lebih rumit karena keterbatasan anggaran pertahanan. Penelitian ini mengintegrasikan Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) dan pemrograman matematika untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Penelitian kami menunjukkan bahwa Angkatan Udara Indonesia membutuhkan tiga pangkalan angkatan udara lagi sebagai pangkalan operasional skuadron pertahanan tempur. Diharapkan bahwa penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan alutsista yang dimiliki dalam sistem pertahanan udara nasional.

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Determining the location of a facility is one of the critical factors in a business as well as the military. Indonesia, as a vast and large country, has a challenge in determining the location of the fighter squadron to guard the national defense. The problem gets more complicated since the defense budget is limited. This research integrates the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and mathematical programming to deal with the problem. Our research shows that the Indonesian Air Force needs three more air force bases for the operational fighter unit squadron. It is hoped that this research will be used for the development of an optimal national air defense system."

"Latar belakang:  Seorang Prajurit Siswa yang menjalankan pendidikan pertama militer telah lulus dari proses rekrutmen diantaranya tes kesehatan jiwa. Namun pada saat menjalankan pendidikan pertama militer, beberapa kejadian pelanggaran dilakukan oleh Prajurit Siswa. Kejadian pelanggaran tersebut berpotensi menjadi pelanggaran berat. Penelitian ini menilai hubungan resiliensi pada Prajurit Siswa saat menjalankan pendidikan dihubungkan dengan kejadian pelanggaran. Metode: Subyek penelitian sebanyak 221 Prajurit Siswa Tamtama yang menjalankan pendidikan di Skadron Pendidikan 404 Pangkalan Udara Adi Sumarmo Solo. Penelitian dilakukan pada Februari 2019. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengukur resiliensi adalah CD-RISC dan kejadian pelanggaran didapatkan dari data yang dimiliki oleh Skaron Pendidikan 404. Seluruh data dianalisa dengan menggunakan SPSS. Hasil: Rata-rata resiliensi subyek penelitian adalah 77 (41-100). Adanya hubungan antara pendidikan subyek penelitian dan kejadian pelanggaran (p=0.007). Terdapat hubungan antara skala kontrol diri dan pendidikan pada subyek penelitian (p=0.02) dengan hasil kontrol diri subyek penelitian dengan pendidikan SMA lebih baik daripada STM. Kesimpulan: Tidak ada hubungan antara resiliensi dan kejadian pelanggaran pada Prajurit Siswa Tamtama.

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Background: Military students who underwent early military education had passed recruitment process which included psychiatric assessment. However, some rule violations were still observed and these violations could potentially lead to severe rule violation. This study aims to determine the association between resilliency and the occurence of rule violation among basic stage military students in Indonesia Air Force. Methods: This study consisted of 221 basic stage military students that underwent education process in Skadron Pendidikan 404 Adi Sumarmo Airforce Base. It was performed in February 2019. The instruments used to measure resiliency were CD-RISC and the number of rule violations was obtained from the Skadron Pendidikan 404s database. All data was analyzed using SPSS. Results: The mean score of resiliency was 77 (41-100). There is a relationship between education level and the number of rule violations (p=0.007). There is a relationship between the scale of self control and education level (p=0.02). Self control in the studys subjects were better for those who finished senior high school than those who finished vocational high school. Conclusion: There is no association found between resilliency and the occurence of rule violation among basic stage military students."

"ABSTRAKKajian ini menganalisis kerja sama militer aliansi Amerika Serikat-Filipina yang mengalami penurunan pada tahun 2016-2019 di tengah semakin meningkatnya pengaruh Tiongkok di Asia Tenggara. Dengan menggunakan freedom of action theory dan metode penelitian causal-process tracing, kajian ini menunjukan bahwa komponen-komponen dalam teori menjadi pertimbangan langkah bagi Amerika Serikat dalam menjalankan aliansinya dengan Filipina. Komponen-komponen tersebut adalah kebiasan perjanjian, terancamnya kepentingan vital dan analisis kerugian, portofolio aliansi, dan pencegahan terhadap agresor. Analisis kajian ini menunjukan bahwa Amerika Serikat sebagai negara kuat memiliki kebebasan tindakan untuk menurukan komitmen kerja sama militernya dengan Filipina, meskipun pengaruh Tiongkok semakin meningkat di Asia Tenggara. Dengan demikian, Amerika Serikat tidak selalu terjerat untuk meningkatkan kerja sama militernya dalam beraliansi, apalagi jika komponen pertimbangan menunjukan Amerika Serikat lebih baik untuk menurunkan kerja sama militernya.

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ABSTRACTThis study analyzes military cooperation of the United States-Philippines as alliance that declined in 2016-2019 amid the increasing influence of China in Southeast Asia. By using freedom of action theory and causal-process tracing research methods, this study shows that the components of the theory become steps of consideration for the United States in carrying out its alliance with the Philippines. These components are vague agreement, threatening of vital interests and cost analysis, alliance's portofolio, and deterring aggressors. The analysis of this study shows that the United States as a powerful country has the freedom of action to reduce its military cooperation commitments with the Philippines, despite China's increasing influence in Southeast Asia. Thus, the United States is not always ensnared to increase its military cooperation in alliances, especially if the consideration component shows that the United States is better to reduce its military cooperation."

"China has clearly emulated Russia's previous example of making loud claims and increasing military patrols in the arctic. China will likely become a major player in Arctic trade routes and become a main destination for goods shipped through th northern Sea Route. It is likely that a significant part of future Russian oil and gas production will ultimately be supplied to China. What are the strategic implications of China's active involvement in Arctic politics? The Arctic "Great Game" is often described as a new cold war between the United States and Russia. Regionally the two main protagonists are Russian and Norway. This article makes a different argument . The Arctic has recently become an issue on the Russo-Chinnese, and possibly Russo-Japanese security agenda. The first goal of this article is to examine the arctic policy and strategy of Rusia, perhaps the most difficult nation to understand in terms of arctic security. The second goal of the article is to explain how the Arctic has become an issue of concern in Russia's relationship with China."

"Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis kewenangan Peradilan Tata Usaha Militer dalam memeriksa, mengadili dan memutus upaya keberatan Prajurit TNI atas Keputusan Tata Usaha Militer. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa mekanisme proses penyelesaian sengketa tata usaha militer tidak berjalan sebagaimana yang tertulis dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1997 tentang Peradilan Militer. Tidak berjalannya mekanisme tersebut mengakibatkan ketidakadilan dan ketidakpastian hukum yang berimplikasi negatif terhadap penegakan hukum tata usaha militer di Indonesia dan berindikasi pada pelanggaran hak asasi manusia. Oleh karena itu, perlu diterbitkan Peraturan Pemerintah untuk menjalankan hukum acara tata usaha militer.

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This thesis aims to describe and adhere to the jurisdiction of the Military Administrative Court, in order to examine, adjudicate and decide upon the objection of the soldiers to military administrative decision. Based on the results of research shows that the mechanism for the process of settling the military administrative disputes does not work as stated in The Act Number 31 of 1997 concerning on Military Justice. The mechanism that is not work lead to injustice and legal uncertainty that has negative implications on the law enforcement of Indonesian military administrative law and violation of human rights. Therefore, it is necessary to issue a State Governance Regulation to enforce the procedural law of military administration law.

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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh ancaman militer yang dilakukan oleh Korea Utara terhadap nilai tukar dan indeks saham di Korea Selatan selama Korea Utara berada di bawah pemerintahan Kim Jong-un, yakni pada periode 2012-2017. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengkategorisasi ancaman berdasarkan jenisnya, dan juga melakukan analisis perusahaan-perusahaan pada tingkat sektor. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa dari walaupun secara umum nilai tukar dan indeks saham tidak dipengaruhi oleh ancaman militer Korea Utara, pada tingkat sektor, dampak ancaman bisa saja tetap muncul. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa antar sektor perusahaan, pengaruh ancaman militer bisa berbeda-beda, tergantung dari karakteristik perusahaannya.

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ABSTRACTThis research was intended to investigate the impact of North Korean military threats under the governance of Kim Jong un, that is from 2012 2017, on the exchange rate of South Korean Won and the stock prices of South Korean companies. This research was done by categorizing threats according to the types of the threats, and also by classifying the companies in South Korea according to their sectors. The result of this research shows that although exchange rates and stock index were not affected by North Korean military threat, but at sectoral level, the result might be different. Depending on the characteristics of the sectors, the impact can vary from one sector to another. "