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"Translation is the activity of transferring the meaning of the source language into the target language. Transferring is done by going from the form of the source language into the form of the target language by way of semantic structure. It is the meaning which is being transferred and must held constant, but it is the form which is changed.One of the translation activities is to translate the modal expressions of English into Indonesian. The meaning which is carried in the modal expressions of English is transferred into Indonesian. The meaning should be constant. The form may change.Analyzing translation concentrates on the textual equivalent and formal correspondence. If the translation is not equivalent and does not correspond formally and is equivalent but does not correspond formally, there will be shifts. Shifts are the result of translation procedures: transposition and modulation. Transposition will make grammatical shifts such as unit, word-class, structure and intra-system, and modulation will make semantic shills such as point of view and scope of meaning.Modality is the speaker's attitude toward the proposition of his utterance and the event of proposition which is ex-pressed in lexical forms such as words, phrases, or clauses. One of the modalities is epistemic which consists of epistemic possibility and epistemic necessity. Epistemic possibility is expressed in lexical forms such as may, can, perhaps, maybe, it is possible that (English), and mungkin, barangkali, bisa-jadi(Indonesian). Epistemic necessity is expressed in lexical forms such must, should, it is necessary that (English), and harus, mesti, tentu saja, saya yakin (Indonesian). Deontic is another modality. It contains of obligation and permission. Obligation is expressed in lexical forms such as must, should (English), and wajib, mesti, jangan (Indonesian). Permission is expressed in lexical forms such as might, can, could (English), and boleh, dapat, bisa (Indonesian). The other modality is dynamic, that is ability. It is expressed in lexical forms such as can, could, be able to, be capable of (Englsih), and bisa, dapat, ma?npu, sanggup (indonesian).In translation of English modal expressions which are in The Old Man and the Sea into Lelaki Tua darn Laut, there are some problems. The ones that are found are the differences of unit and word-class of modal expressions, and subcategory of modality. The differences of unit and word-classes will make grammatical shifts unit and word-class shifts, and those of subcategory will make semantic shifts: shifts of point of view and shifts of scope of meaning.The differences of unit between source text and target text cause unit shifts. For example, can as word is translated into boleh jadi as phrase. In other case, the unit differences will also cause semantic shifts : shift of scope of meaning and shift of point of view. Can mean 'bisa' whose scope of meaning is broader than masih bisa because bisa is emphasized by masih. Must which means 'kepastian' is translated into akan masih which means 'Keteramalan'. Kepastian and keteramalan have different point of view. The shifts which occur in translation The Old Man and the Sea into Lelaki Tua dan Laut can be caused by the different systems of English and Indonesian or by the translator. From the number of shifts which are found, especially those which are caused by translator can be concluded that the translation of modal expressions in The Old Man and the Sea into Lelaki Tua dan Laut is not good enough."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan runtunan pemarkah aspektualitas dan modalitas di dalam sintaksis bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif.Data diambil dari surat kabar, tabloid, majalah, novel, dan buku dengan jumlah 2394 korpus data. Temuan penelitian ini adalah terdapat 22 pola runtunan dan 76 formula runtunan pemarkah aspektualitas dan modalitas bahasa Indonesia. Pemarkah aspektualitas yang sering muncul adalah akan, sudah, dan telah. Pemarkah modalitas yang sering muncul adalah dapat dan bisa.Pola runtunan yang muncul dari temuan penelitian adalah pemarkah aspektualitas imperfektif + aspektualitas perfektif maupun imperfektif; pemarkah aspektualitas perfektif + aspektualitas perfektif; pemarkah aspektualitas imperfektif + modalitas intensional, epistemik, deontik, maupun dinamik; pemarkah aspektualitas perfektif + modalitas intensional, epistemik, deontik, maupun dinamik; pemarkah modalitas epistemik + aspektualitas imperfektif maupun perfektif; pemarkah modalitas intensional + aspektualitas imperfektif; pemarkah modalitas dinamik + aspektualitas imperfektif; pemarkah modalitas epistemik + modalitas intensional, epistemik, deontik, maupun dinamik; pemarkah modalitas intensional + modalitas dinamik; pemarkah modalitas deontik + modalitas intensional; pemarkah modalitas dinamik + modalitas epistemik maupun intensional.Pola runtunan yang tidak muncul dari temuan penelitian adalah pemarkah aspektualitas perfektif + aspektualitas perfektif, pemarkah modalitas intensional + aspektualitas perfektif, pemarkah modalitas deontik + aspektualitas perfektif, pemarkah modalitas deontik + aspektualitas imperfektif, pemarkah modalitas dinamik + aspektualitas perfektif, pemarkah modalitas intensional + modalitas epistemik, intensional, deontik, maupun dinamik, pemarkah modalitas deontik + modalitas epistemik, deontik maupun dinamik, pemarkah modalitas dinamik + modalitas deontik dan dinamik.

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The purpose of this study is to describe the series of aspectuality dan modality markers in Indonesian syntax. The research method used in this study is descriptive qualitative.The data was taken from daily, tabloid, weekly, and books by using 2394 occurrences of aspectuality and modality markers. This study reveals that there are 22 series of aspectuality dan modality markers with 76 formulas.The series of aspectuality dan modality markers which appears are perfective aspectuality + perfective and imperfective aspectuality; perfective aspectuality + imperfective aspectuality; perfective aspectuality + epistemic, intentional, deontic, and dynamic modality; imperfective aspectuality + imperfective aspectuality; perfective aspectuality + epistemic, intentional, deontic, and dynamic modality: epistemic modality + Perfective and imperfective aspectuality; intentional modality + imperfective aspectuality; dynamic modality + imperfective aspectuality; epistemic modality + epistemic, intentional, deontic, and dynamic modality; intentional modality + dynamic modality; deontic modality + intentional modality; dynamic modality + epistemic and intentional modality.The series of aspectuality dan modality markers which do not appear are perfective aspectuality + perfective aspectuality; intentional modality + perfective aspectuality; deontic modality + perfective aspectuality; deontic modality + imperfective modality; dynamic modality + perfective aspectuality; intentional modality + epistemic, intentional, deontic, and dynamic modality; deontic modality + epistemic, deontic and dynamic modality; dynamic modality + deontic and dynamic modality."

"Identitas hadir sebagai bagian penting dalam kehidupan subjek. Konsep identitas hadir sebagai cara orang di luar subjek, untuk bisa membedakan subjek dengan yang lain. Seringkali identitas yang diyakini memiliki status ontologis universal, hal ini membuat terkadang identitas yang hadir terlihat tidak cocok dengan situasi disekeliling actual world subjek. Possible worlds hadir sebagai cara untuk subjek bisa melihat segala kemungkinan, salah satunya permasalahan identitas. Dengan possible worlds membentuk pola pikir subjek untuk meyakini bahwa identitas tidak hadir secara tunggal, melainkan hadir secara jamak. Hal itu terjadi karena ada kausa dan modalitas yang melekat pada subjek.

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Identity is present as an important part in the life of the subject. The concept of identity is present as the way people outside the subject, to be able to distinguish subjects with others. Often, the identity of which is believed to have universal ontological status, it makes visible sometimes present identity does not match the actual situation around the world subject. Possible worlds as a way to present the subject could see all the possibilities, one of which issues identity. With the possible worlds shaping our thinking to believe that the subject does not present a single identity, but is present in the plural. It happened because there are causes and modalities attached to the subject."

"In this paper, I describe four Indonesian aspect markers, sudah, telah, pernah, and sempat, showing that the main opposition between them relies not only on their aspectual meanings, but also on the various modalities they express. The opposition between the very frequent markers sudah and telah is analysed in detail. The syntactic and semantic survey shows that these two markers are not synonyms in most contexts."

"The issue of kinship politics networks and modalities Pilar Saga is built on the Ratu Atut Chosiyah's dynastic politics. Interestingly, the dynastic political network in Banten contributed to Pilar Saga's victory. Even the various corruption cases that ensnared Ratu Atut's family could not undermine her political network. For example, the corruption case of Ratu Atut for alleged bribery of the Constitutional Court and the trading of positions, T Chaeri Wardana for the corruption case of medical equipment, and Ratu Lilis Karyawati for the Cibenuangen River bypass case in Lebak, Banten. The purpose of this study was to analyze the extent to which Pilar Saga's kinship politics network and modalities influenced his victory in the 2020 South Tangerang Regional Head Election. This study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive method in South Tangerang. The research data was taken through observation and library research to strengthen the conclusion. The results show that the Pilar Saga political network and modalities, apart from being built from the Atut dynasty, were also boosted by the performance achievements of the incumbent Pilar Saga pair. The incumbent in the previous period with Airin Rachmi Diany (Atut's sister-in-law) was able to bring South Tangerang City to be the best Regency/City area in Banten in HDI (Human Development Index) numbers. On this basis, the rational behavior of voters in South Tangerang was not fooled by the various cases that ensnared their relatives in the corruption of the Ratu Atut Chosiyah dynasty."

"Disertasi ini membahas strategi positioning multimodalitas iklan sebagai sebuah analisis wacana multimodal iklan jam tangan Bonia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengungkapkan dan mendeskripsikan gambaran interaksi semiosis moda verbal dan visual yang bersifat persuasif dan dikonstruksi pada iklan jam tangan Bonia di media cetak sebagai sebuah strategi positioning. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian gabungan exploratory sequential dengan menggunakan 73 data kualitatif berupa wacana iklan jam tangan Bonia di surat kabar Kompas sepanjang tahun 2009 hingga 2018 sebagai data utama dan 61 data responden pembaca iklan jam tangan Bonia di surat kabar harian Kompas wilayah Jakarta sebagai data kuantitatif, yaitu pedukung data utama. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan 3 realitas hubungan partisipan yang terlibat dalam wacana. Masing-masing realitas mengungkapkan fungsi makna berbeda dalam interaksi semiosis moda verbal dan visual sebagai sebuah kesatuan hubungan. Ketiga hubungan secara dominan memperlihatkan, 1) aktivitas partisipan terlibat dalam proses transitivitas tipe relasional dan mental; 2) peran partisipan berada pada pertukaran memberi informasi dalam interaksi pertukaran bentuk deklaratif; dan 3) konstruksi partisipan menciptakan hubungan kepantasan berbeda pada konstruksi tematisasi topikal dan interdependensi kompleks bermuatan positif sebagai tanda baru (final interpretant). Kesatuan hubungan ketiganya menjadi hasil temuan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu positioning partisipan utama jam tangan pada tataran konotasi ditempatkan sebagai sahabat Bonia dan arloji sebagai kekasih Bonia. Keduanya memiliki ciri dan sasaran berbeda. Jam tangan fokus pada warna dan bahannya dengan sasaran dekat, sementara arloji fokus pada desain dan bagiannya dengan sasaran sangat dekat. Hasil penelitian data kuantitatif mengungkapkan lebih lanjut bahwa jarak jangkauan wacana di tingkat final interpretant belum terjangkau oleh jangkauan keterbacaan pembaca. Hal itu dikarenakan, 1) jangkauan pembaca masih berada pada arah jangkauan impression berupa kualitas moda visual desain dan warna tertampil; dan 2) daya persuasif yang melibatkan partisipan utama jam tangan, arloji, Bonia dalam proses transitivitas sebagai tanda bentuk ikon, indeks, dan simbol hanya menempatkan tanda bentuk indeks untuk tampil paling dominan. Daya persuasif hanya ditujukan untuk menjawab kebutuhan dan keinginan konsumen sesuai dengan nilai kualitas yang diharapkan, yaitu berupa nilai afeksi. Rentang penghargaan yang diberikan konsumen pada jangkauan keterbacaan terhadap produsen adalah berada di nilai tengah kelas interval jangkauan keterbacaan pembacanya. Sehubungan dengan hasil penelitian, maka penulis memberi saran bahwa positioning jam tangan dan arloji perlu melakukan ancangan dengan pendekatan ke arah jangkauan dan fokus perhatian pembaca. Moda pada teks verbal dan visual perlu ditempatkan pada center sebagai pusat perhatian dengan persentase sedikit lebih dominan pada moda dalam teks visual.

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This dissertation discusses the multimodality of positioning strategy on advertising. It is as a Bonia’s watch analysis on advertising multimodal discourse. The purposes of this study is to reveal and describe an overview of the semiotic interaction between verbal and visual modes in persuasive function that constructed to Bonia’s watch advertisement in printed media as a positioning strategy. This research is a combined sequential exploratory study using 73 qualitative data of Bonia’s watch advertising discourse in Kompas daily newspaper from 2009 to 2018 as the main data. It is also supported by 61 data of respondents who read Bonia’s watch ads in Kompas daily newspaper at Jakarta area as quantitative data. The results of this study revealed 3 realities of the relationship between participants that involved in discourse. Each reality expresses a different meaning function in the semiotic interaction of verbal and visual modes as a unified relationship. The three relationships dominantly show, 1) participants’ activities are involved in the transitivity process of relational and mental types; 2) the role of participants is in the exchange of providing information in the interaction’s declarative forms; and 3) construction of participant creates a different appropriateness relationship that constructed to topical thematization and complex interdependence with positive charge as a new sign (final interpretant). The unity of those relationships result the findings in this study as the positioning of the main participants which related to watch as product. There are the connotation level being placed the main participant jam tangan as Bonia’s friend and arloji as a Bonia's lover. Both of them have the different characteristics and purposes. jam tangan focus on colors and materials at the close range, while arloji focus on design and its parts at the close range. The results on quantitative data research revealed that the range of discourse as the final interpretant level has not been reached by the readability of readers. This is because, 1) the direction of readers’ readability are still in the ‘impression’ range which focus on the quality of visual design and the display of colour modes; and 2) persuasive power that involved by main participants jam tangan, arloji, Bonia in the transitivity process have signs’ forms as icons, indexes, and symbols where only index forms appearing the most dominant position. Persuasive power is only intended to answer the customers’ needs that accordance to the expected quality value as ‘affective value’. The customers given awards to the readability range of producers is in the middle value of the readers’ readability range. In connection with the results, the author suggests that the positioning of jam tangan and arloji needs to be designed with a strategy that towards to achieving reaches in focus on the aspects of reader's readability. Modes in verbal and visual texts need to be placed in the center as focusing on attention with a slightly more dominant percentage to modes in visual texts."

"ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan modalitas interpersonal yang ada pada setiap ujaran yang disisipi partikel final ze. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif. Data diambil dari novel Botchan. Data diklasifikasikan atas ujaran kepada petutur superior dan ujaran kepada petutur inferior. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, partikel final ze cenderung digunakan untuk memperlihatkan sikap solidaritas atau kedekatan hubungan dengan petutur. Temuan pada data menunjukan bahwa unsur solidaritas tidak mempengaruhi pilihan ujaran terhadap petutur superior.

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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to explain interpersonal modality on each speech which attached by sentence final particle ze. The method used by this research is qualitative method with descriptive analytic. Data taken from Novel of Botchan. Data on this research divided by superior audience aim speech and inferior audience aim speech. Based from the study of research indicated that the sentence final particle ze shows solidarity attitude or intimate relationship with audience. The result of data indicates that the solidarity elemental cannot influenced the speech option to superior audience."

"Penelitian ini membahas tata bahasa penanda modalitas intensional dalam bahasa Korea melalui pendekatan konteks situasi. Empat tata bahasa penanda modalitas intensional bahasa Korea yang dibahas adalah -gess-, -eul geos, -eulge, dan -eullae. Bagi pemelajar bahasa Korea, keempat tata bahasa penanda modalitas intensional dalam bahasa Korea tersebut memiliki kerumitan tersendiri saat digunakan dikarenakan kemiripan makna yang dimilikinya. Akan tetapi, belum ditemukan adanya penelitian yang membahas tata bahasa tersebut dalam bahasa Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi tata bahasa penanda modalitas intensional di dalam korpus drama dan menganalisis konteks situasi yang menggunakan empat tata bahasa penanda modalitas intensional dalam bahasa Korea tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Penelitian ini menggunakan korpus naskah drama berjudul `Jinsimi Data`. Melalui penelitian ini, dapat diidentifikasi 198 kali kemunculan tata bahasa penanda modalitas intensional, yang dapat diklasifikasikan secara rinci berdasarkan subyeknya. Pada subjek orang pertama, penanda modalitas -gess- muncul sebanyak 66 kali; -eul geos 31 kali; -eulge 64 kali; dan -eullae 4 kali. Sementara pada subjek orang kedua, -gess- muncul sebanyak 16 kali; -eul geos 10 kali; dan -eullae 7 kali. Pada penelitian ini diklasifikasikan 9 konteks situasi menggunakan kalimat deklaratif dan 5 konteks situasi menggunakan kalimat interogatif.This research discusses intentional modality expressed in Korean grammar through context of situation approach. Four of the Korean grammar that express intentional modality that are being discused here are -gess-, -eul geosi-, -eulge(yo), and -eullae(yo). Korean learners face difficulties in distinguishing these expressions due to their own similar meaning. However, research that discuss intentional modality expressed in Korean grammar has not been conducted in Indonesian. The purpose of this research is to identify Korean grammars that express intentional modality inside the drama script and analyze the contexts of situation which use intentional modality marker. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive method with literature review. The corpus of this research is a script from drama titled `Jinsimi Data`. Through this research, intentional modality`s frequency is identified 198 times according to its subject. In first person subject, -gess- appears 66 times; -eul geos 31 times; -eulge 64 times; and -eullae 4 times. The frequency of intentional modality in second person subject shows that -gess- appears 16 times; -eul geos 10 times; and -eullae 7 times. This research also classified 9 contexts of situation that appear with declarative sentence and 5 contexts of situation that appear with interrogative sentence."