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"ABSTRAKDasar (Riset Kesehatan Dasar / Riskesdas) yang dilakukan oleh Departemen Kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2010 melaporkan bahwa 17,9 persen (17,9%) dari anak-anak di Indonesia dengan usia di bawah 5 tahun memiliki masalah gizi buruk dan 14 persen ( 14%) di antara mereka memiliki masalah obesitas. Makanan sehari-hari diduga menjadi penyebab masalah gizi ini terutama penggunaan Monosodium L-glutamat (MSG) yang banyak digunakan sebagai aditif makanan dan zat untuk merangsang nafsu makan. Muncul beberapa pertanyaan tentang hubungan antara konsumsi MSG dan kenaikan berat badan dan hubungan antara efek neurotoksisitas MSG dengan kerusakan sel-sel saraf di otak. Dan apakah kerusakan sel-sel saraf di otak ini mengalami regenerasi atau menjadi persisten?Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan dampak dari MSG dalam berat badan dan perkembangan otak pada anak tikus dengan usia 7 dan 14 hari di mana ibu mereka diberi MSG selama hamil. Semua anak tikus juga diamati untuk perilaku mereka.Metode: Rancangan eksperimental in vivo dengan random sampling. Subyek adalah 25 tikus betina (Rattus novergicus) galur Sprague Dawley yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok (kelompok kontrol, grup pelarut dan 3 kelompok perlakuan MSG selama kehamilan dengan dosis 1200mg, 2400mg dan 4800mg/kg/day). Ketika tikus hamil melahirkan anaknya diamati sampai usia 7 dan 14 hari. Dua ekor anak tikus diambil secara acak dari tiap induk tikus lalu ditimbang berat badannya. Otak dari anak tikus diisolasi, ditimbang dan diwarnai dengan hematoxylin-eosin (HE) pewarnaan. Photomicrographs dari slide histologis diamati oleh optilab dan dianalisis dengan program Optic Raster. Parameter yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini adalah penurunan berat badan, kerusakan sel-sel saraf dalam nukleus arkuata dan daerah paraventrikular dari hipotalamus dan perilaku anak tikus pada usia 7 dan 14 hari.Hasil: MSG dapat menembus blood plansental barrier dan blood brain barrier anak tikus pada usia 7 dan 14 hari ketika ibu mereka diberikan MSG selama hamil. Berat badan anak tikus usia 7 hari lebih rendah pada kelompok MSG dengan dosis 4800mg jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol dan kelompok pelarut 1200 mg dan 2400 mg. Namun peningkatan berat badan dengan pemberian MSG 4800 mg lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok MSG dosis 1200mg dan 2400mg. Pada anak tikus usia 14 hari, ditemukan kenaikan berat badan lebih tinggi secara signifikan pada kelompok MSG dengan dosis 4800mg dibandingkan dengan 1200mg dan 2400mg. Berat otak sedikit lebih rendah pada usia 7 dan 14 hari pada kelompok MSG 4800mg . Kerusakan sel saraf dalam nukleus arkuata dan di daerah paraventrikular dari hipotalamus secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada kelompok MSG 4800mg . Perubahan perilaku yang diamati pada anak tikus dengan kelompok MSG 4800mg pada usia 7 dan 14 hari terlihat jelas dibandingkan kelompok kontrol dan MSG 1200 mg dan 2400 mg.Kesimpulan: Asupan MSG selama kehamilan menyebabkan perubahan berat badan, berat otak dan kerusakan sel-sel saraf di daerah arkuata dan hipotalamus paraventrikular pada anak tikus dengan usia 7 dan 14.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Good Nutrition intake is the most important factor that determines the health status of our next generation. However the Basic Health Research (Riset Kesehatan Dasar / Riskesdas) conducted by the Indonesian Ministry of Health in 2010 reported that 17.9 percent (17.9%) of the children in Indonesia with the age under 5 years old had the problem of malnutrition and 14 percent (14%) among them had the problem of obesity. Daily food was suggested to become a cause of malnutrition problem especially the use of Monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) which is widely used as food additive and a substance to stimulate the appetite. There are some questions about the correlation of MSG consumption and weight gain and the correlation of neurotoxicity effect of MSG with the damage of neuronal cells in the brain. Another question is whether the damage of neuronal cells in the brain is persistent or not. This study was conducted to determine the effects of MSG in the weight gain and in the development of the brain in the rat pups with age of 7 and 14 days in which their mother were given the MSG during pregnancy. The rat pups were also observed for their behavior.

Methods: The experimental design was in vivo studies with randomized sampling. Subjects were 25 female rats (Rattus novergicus)of Sprague-Dawley strain which are divided into 5 groups (control group, solvent group and 3 MSG treatment groups during gestation given MSG in the dose of 1200mg/kgbw/day, 2400mg/kgbw/day and 4800mg/kgbw/day). Upon giving birth the pups were observed until the ages of 7 and 14 days. Two pups from each mother rat were taken randomly. The brain of the rat pups were isolated and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Photomicrographs of the histological slides were taken by optilab and were analyzed with Image Raster program. The parameters that were analyzed in this experiment were weight body loss, the damage of neuronal cells in the arcuate nucleus and paraventricular area of hypothalamus and the behavior of the pups at age of 7 and 14 days.

Results: High dose MSG penetrate the placental blood barrier and the blood brain barrier in the brain of rat pups with the age of 7 14 days when their mothers were administered with MSG during their pregnant. The body weights of pups with age of 7 days were lower in the MSG treated group with the dose of 4800mg than that in the control and solvent groups. However body weigh were higher in the MSG treated groups of 1200mg/kgbw/day and 2400mg/kgbw/day than those in the control and solvent groups. In the 14 days pups, the body weight were higher significantly in the MSG treated groups with the dose of 4800mg/kgbw/day compared to the 1200mg/kgbw/day and 2400mg/kgbw/day. The weight of the brain was slightly lower at the age of 7 and 14 days in the 4800mg MSG treated group. The neuronal cell damage in the arcuate nucleus and in the paraventricular area of hypothalamus was significantly higher in the 4800mg MSG treated group. The behavior changes were observed in the pups with the 4800mg MSG treated group at the age of 7 and 14 days.

Conclusion: Intake of MSG during gestation causes changes in body weight, brain weight and damage of neuronal cells in the arcuate and paraventricular area of hypothalamus in rat pups of the age of 7 and 14."

"Monosodium glutamat (MSG) adalah garam natrium glutamat yang merupakan asam amino nonessensial yang dapat bersifat eksitotoksik. Terdapat dugaan bahwa glutamat berpotensi menyebabkan peningkatan stres oksidatif di hati dengan mekanisme yang sama dengan eksitotoksisitas karena reseptor glutamat juga ditemukan di hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh MSG terhadap peningkatan stres oksidatif pada hati tikus (Rattus norvegicus) jantan. Parameter yang diukur adalah kadar MDA, GSH, dan aktivitas spesifik katalase sebagai penanda adanya stres oksidatif. Sebanyak 27 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan dibagi dalam 3 kelompok: kelompok kontrol (diberi akuades), kelompok P1A (diberi MSG 4g/KgBB), dan kelompok P2A (diberi MSG 6g/KgBB). Perlakuan diberikan melalui sonde selama 30 hari. Pengambilan sampel hati dilakukan pada hari ke-31. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan kadar MDA pada kelompok perlakuan yang berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok kontrol, p≤0,05, tetapi pada kadar GSH terjadi penurunan yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan kelompok kontrol, (p≥0,05). Aktivitas spesifik katalase, juga terjadi penurunan yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol, p≥0,05. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pemberian MSG dengan dosis 4g/KgBB dan 6g/KgBB selama 30 hari menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan stres oksidatif pada hati tikus (Rattus norvegicus) jantan yang ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan kadar MDA.

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamate which is a nonessential amino acid that may cause exicytotoxicity. There are allegations that glutamate could potentially increase an oxidative stress in the rat's liver by the same mechanism with exicytotoxicity because of glutamate receptors are also found in the liver.

This study aims to determine the effect of MSG on oxidative stress in the rat's liver. The level of MDA and GSH were measured as the marker of oxidative stress, and also specific activity of catalase. 27 albino rat's (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 3 groups: control group (distilled water), and 2 treatment groups, P1A (treated with MSG 4g / KgBW), and P2A (treated with MSG 6g / KgBW). The treatment was carried out for 30 days. On day 31 the liver were collected after euthanasia of the rats.

The results showed there were increased levels of MDA in the treatment groups compare to control significantly, p≤0,05, but the decreased of GSH levels were not significantly different than the control group, (p≥0,05). The specific activity of catalase, also a decreasing but not significantly different compared to control group, p≥0,05.

This study showed that the administration of MSG with a dose of 4g / KgBW and 6g / KgBW for 30 days led to an increased in oxidative stress on the liver of rats (Rattus norvegicus) which is indicated by elevated levels of MDA."

"Monosodium glutamat (MSG) merupakan garam natrium dari glutamat yang merupakan asam amino nonesensial yang dapat bersifat eksitotoksik. Terdapat dugaan bahwa glutamat berpotensi menyebabkan kerusakan oksidatif di hati dengan mekanisme yang sama dengan eksitotoksisitas karena reseptor glutamat juga ditemukan di hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pemulihan kerusakan oksidatif hati tikus setelah pemberian MSG dihentikan. Sebanyak 30 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan dewasa dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: kontrol (akuades), kelompok MSG 4 g/kg dan 6 g/kg. Perlakuan diberikan melalui sonde selama 30 hari. Setiap kelompok kemudian dibagi lagi menjadi 2 berdasarkan waktu mematikannya (hari ke-45, dan hari ke-59). Organ hati diambil untuk pemeriksaan kadar MDA, GSH dan aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase. Kadar MDA meskipun tidak berbeda bermakna pada semua kelompok tetapi cenderung menurun, kadar GSH meningkat dan berbeda bermakna (p=0,017), aktifitas spesifik katalase menurun dan terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p=0,012). Tidak terdapat korelasi antara kadar MDA, GSH, dan aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase pada jaringan hati tikus setelah penghentian pemberian MSG. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pasca penghentian pemberian MSG dengan dosis 4 gr/kg BB dan 6 gr/kg BB selama 14 dan 28 hari dapat menyebabkan penurunan kadar MDA, peningkatan kadar GSH, dan penurunan aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase jaringan hati tikus. Hal ini mengindikasikan telah terjadi pemulihan kerusakan oksidatif akibat penghentian total pemberian MSG.

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt which is can be excitotoxic. Glutamate could potentially cause oxidative damage in the liver by excitotoxicity because glutamate receptors are also found in the liver. This study aims to investigate the oxidative damage recovery rat liver after administration of MSG is stopped. A total of 30 adult male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 3 groups: control (distilled water), MSG 4 g / kg and the last group MSG 6 g / kg. The treatment is given through a sonde for 30 days. Each group was further divided into two by sacrivised time as follow, day 45, and day 59. The liver was taken for measurement of MDA, GSH levels and the specific activity of catalase. MDA levels although not significantly different in all groups but tend to decline. Different levels of GSH increased significantly (p = 0.017) during recovery, the specific activity of catalase were decline (p=0.012). There was no correlation between MDA, GSH, and specific activity of catalase in the liver after cessation of MSG. This study shows that cessation administration of that certain doses of MSG can lead to decreased levels of MDA, GSH levels, and a decrease in the specific activity of catalase rat liver tissue. This indicates that there was a recovery process of oxidative damage as a result of the cessation of administration of MSG."

"Monosodium Glutamat (MSG) merupakan garam natrium dari glutamate yang merupakan asam amino nonessensial yang dapat bersifat eksitotoksik. Terdapat dugaan bahwa glutamat yang berlebihan berpotensi menyebabkan kerusakan dihati dengan mekanisme eksitotoksik karena reseptor glutamate juga ditemukan di hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui metabolisme hati yang berkaitan dengan Fungsi hati (enzim GPT) dan glukoneogenesis pada tikus jantan dewasa setelah pemberian MSG dan penghentiannya. Sebanyak 45 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok : Kelompok kontrol(diberi akuades), kelompok pemberian MSG 4 gr/KgBB/hari dan kelompok pemberian MSG 6 gr/KgBB/hari. Perlakuan diberikan melalui sonde selama 30 hari. Setiap kelompok dibagi lagi menjadi 3 kelompok berdasarkan waktu pengambilan jaringan hati (30+1, 30+14 dan 30+28), jaringan hati diambil untuk pengiukuran kadar protein, glukosa dan aktivitas spesifik enzim GPT. Pemberian MSG 4 gr/KgBB/hari tidak menyebabkan perubahan kadar glukosa (P=0,132), tetapi terjadi peningkatan bermakna aktifitas spesifik enzim GPT (p=0,038) pada jaringan hati tikus. Pemberian MSG 6 gr/KgBB/hari menyebabkan penurunan bermakna kadar glukosa ( p=0,065 ) paska penghentian 28 hari, tetapi terjadi penekanan tidak bermakna pada aktifitas spesifik enzim GPT ( 0, 651) pada jaringan hati.

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Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamate which is an amino acid nonessensial. Wich tend to be exitotoxic. There are allegations that excessive glutamate could potentially caused damage to the liver, because glutamate receptors are also found in the liver. This study aim was to determine the liver metabolism related to the specific activity of the glutamate pyruvate transaminase and gluconeogenesis in adult male rats after administration of MSG and its termination. A total of 45 rats (Rattus norvegicus) males were divided into 3 groups: control group (distilled water), the group MSG 4 g / Kg BB / day and MSG 6 g / KgBB / day administration. The treatment is given by sonde for 30 days. Each group was subdivided into three groups based on the time period after MSG discontinued (30 + 1, 30 + 14 and 30 + 28), the liver tissue is taken for measuring: protein, glucose concentration, and GPT specific activity. Administration of MSG 4 g / kgBB / day did not lead to changes in glucose levels (P = 0.132), but there was a significant increase in GPT specific activity (p = 0.038) in the rat liver tissue. Administration of MSG 6 g / kg BB/ day caused a significant decrease in glucose levels (p = 0.065) after discontinuation of 28 days, but there was not significant different in the specific activity of the GPT enzyme (p=0, 651) in the liver tissue."