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"Penyakit Parkinson merupakan penyakit neurodegeneratif dan kronik yang bersifat progresif. Karakterisasi penyakit Parkinson yaitu adanya penurunan fungsi motorik akibat penurunan produksi dopamin pada basal ganglia. Terapi farmakologis utama dan efektif untuk mengembalikan kadar dopamin yaitu dengan prekursor dopamin (L-dopa). Namun, penggunaan L dopa pada jangka waktu yang panjang dapat menimbulkan efek samping yang kronik seperti fluktuasi motorik dan diskinesia. Salah satu strategi baru terapi Parkinson yaitu dengan antagonis reseptor adenosin A2A. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penapisan virtual berbasis farmakofor terhadap senyawa antagonis reseptor adenosin A2Ayaitu, Xantin dan Non-Xantin (Trisiklik, Bisiklik, dan Monosiklik) sebagai training set dengan tujuan mendapatkan senyawa-senyawa dari pangkalan data herbal Indonesia yang berpotensi menjadi antagonis reseptor adenosin A2A. Optimasi dan penapisan virtual berbasis farmakofor dilakukan menggunakan Ligandscout dan divalidasi dengan databaseyang didapatkan dari A Directory of Useful Decoys:Enhanced(DUD-E). Metode ini divalidasi dengan nilai Enrichment Factors(EF) dan Area Under Curves (AUC) dari kurva Receiver Operation Charateristics(ROC). Hasil optimasi yang didapatkan untuk penapisan virtual adalah dengan menggunakan kelompok training set monosiklik dengan farmakofor yaitu Aromatic Ring (AR),Hydrophobic Interaction(H) Hidrogen Bond Receptor(HBA), Hidrogen Bond Donor (HBD) danpenambahan Feature Tolarence sebesar 0,45 Å pada masing-masing farmakofor. Didapatkan senyawa kandidat (hits) yang memiliki kecocokan pada fitur farmakofor dengan senyawa aktif antagonis adenosin A2Ayaitu, lumichrome, mirabijaloneB, dan boeravinoneF.

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Parkinson's disease is a chronic and neurodegenerative disorder that occur progressively. Parkinson's disease is characterized by deterioration of motor function due to loss production of dopamine in basal nuclei. The main and effective treatment for restoring dopaminergic neurotransmitter on patients with Parkinson's disease has been the dopamine precursor (L-dopa). However, after prolonged use of levodopa many patients start to experience chronic side effects such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Adenosine A2a antagonist receptor is one of new strategies to treat Parkinson's disease that has been established as a promising target in Parkinson's disease. The aim of this study is to obtain adenosine A2a antagonist receptor's new compounds from Indonesia herbal database with pharmacophore-based virtual screening approach againts Xanthine and Non-Xanthine (Tricylic, Bicylic, Monocylic) as training sets. Pharmacophore-based virtual screening and optimization were done using Ligandscout and was validated by database from A Directory of Useful DecoyslEnhanced (DUD-E). Monocylic group that has 4 pharmacophores, namely Aromatic Ring (AR), Hydrophobic Interaction (H) Hidrogen Bond Receptor (HBA), Hidrogen Bond Donor (HBD) with addition 0,45 A of feature tolerance was used for virtual screening based on optimization result. Obtained hits compound that have a match on pharmacophore with active compound of adenosine A2a antagonist receptor are lumichorme, mirabijalone B, and boeravinone F."

"Latar Belakang : Penyakit neurodegeneratif disebabkan oleh regenerasi neuron yang rendah. Pemberian sel punca mulai dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan regenerasi sistem saraf pusat. Sel Punca Mesenkim SPM mampu berdiferensiasi menjadi berbagai tipe sel sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sel terapi. Proliferasi dan diferensiasi sel punca neuron diregulasi gen endogen dan faktor neurotrofik seperti nerve growth factor NGF , brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF dan neurotrophin-3 NT-3 . Namun, peran NT-3 sendiri dalam diferensiasi SPM belum banyak diketahui, sehingga penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari peran NT-3 pada diferensiasi SPM dari sumsum tulang tikus menjadi neuron pada tahap awal dan tahap lanjut. Metode : SPM diisolasi dari sumsum tulang tikus, kemudian dikultur dan dipropagasi dalam Minimum Essential Medium Eagle MEM , 10 Fetal Bovine Serum FBS dan 1 antibiotic-antimycotic. Induksi neuron dilakukan pada SPM pasase keempat dalam MEM, 2 FBS, 1 insulin like growth factor N2 dan NT-3 dengan konsentrasi 20, 25, 30 ng/mL dan kontrol selama 7 hari. Dilakukan imunositokimia Nestin sebagai penanda tahap awal dan MAP-2 pada tahap lanjut diferensiasi neuron. Data yang didapat adalah rata-rata persentase jumlah sel Nestin positif dan sel microtubule associated protein-2 MAP-2 positif pada setiap konsentrasi. Analisis statistik menggunakan program SPSS dengan uji one-way ANOVA. Hasil : Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang bermakna pada persentase jumlah sel Nestin positif pada SPM dengan penambahan NT-3 20, 25 dan 30 ng/mL selama 7 dan 14 hari dibandingkan dengan kontrol p

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Background : Neurodegenerative diseases showed partial or limited regeneration process. Transplantation of stem cells has been improve regeneration of the central nervous system. The mesenchymal stem cells MSCs can differentiate into various cell types including neurons that can be used for cell therapy. Proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells are regulated by endogenous gene and neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor NGF , brain derived neurotrophic factor BDNF and neurotrophin 3 NT 3 . The aim of this research is to investigate the role of NT 3 in differentiation of MSC into neurons at the early stage and at the late stage.

Methods : MSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow, cultured and propagated in Minimum Essential Medium Eagle MEM , 10 Fetal Bovine Serum FBS and 1 antibiotic antimycotic. MSCs were induced for neuron differentiation induction medium MEM, 2 FBS, 1 insulin like growth factor N2 and NT 3 20, 25, 30 ng mL for 7 and 14 days control induction medium without NT 3. The immunocytochemistry of Nestin was performed on day 7 and MAP 2 was performed on day 14. All experiment were done triplicated. Five random high power field was documented. The data obtained is the average percentage of the number of Nestin and MAP 2 positive cells at each concentration. Statistical analysis using SPSS with one way ANOVA test.

Results : The results showed a significant difference in the percentage of Nestin positive cells in MSCs with NT 3 20, 25 and 30 ng mL for 7 days compared to controls p "

"The editor of this volume, having research interests in the field of ROS production and the damage to cellular systems, has identified a number of enzymes showing ·OH scavenging activities details of which are anticipated to be published in the near future as confirmatory experiments are awaited. It is hoped that the information presented in this book on NDs will stimulate both expert and novice researchers in the field with excellent overviews of the current status of research and pointers to future research goals. Also the insights gained should be valuable for further understanding of the diseases at molecular levels and should lead to development of new biomarkers, novel diagnostic tools and more effective therapeutic drugs to treat the clinical problems raised by these devastating diseases."

"Wiart presents evidence that natural products are not only able to protect neurons and boost their activities, but also to induce neuritogenesis, raising the possibility that flowering plants helped apes evolve into Homo sapiens during the Tertiary period. In the near future, he says, they may also allow complete victory over neurodegenerative diseases."--ProtoView.com, April 2014"

"This book discusses the various methods to reprogram cells, the control and determination of cell identity, the epigenetic models that have emerged and the application of iPS cell therapy for brain diseases, in particular Parkinson’s disease and Vanishing White Matter (VWM).​"

"As age related diseases increase in prevalence and impact more significantly on medical resources it is imperative to understand these diseases and the mechanisms behind their progression. New research has stimulated a growing interest in mitochondrial involvement in neurodegenerative disorders such as parkinson’s disease, alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis and the mechanisms which lead from mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegeneration. Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders brings together contributions from leaders in the field internationally on the various ways in which mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of these diseases, guiding the reader through the basic functions of mitochondria and the mechanisms that lead to their dysfunction, to the consequences of this dysfunction on neuronal function before finishing with the modelling of these disorders and discussion of new potential therapeutic targets. "