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"Pembaharuan yang dilakukan oleh negara Turki berkaitan dengan sejarah peradaban Islam, peradaban Barat, serta sekularisasi yang mempengaruhinya. Kegemilangan serta kemunduran Khilafah Usmani sendiri disebabkan oleh perkembangan peradaban dan paham yang semakin modern, sehingga menghasilkan sebuah pembaharuan negara Turki ke dalam peradaban yang lebih modern. Penelitian pustaka ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan merujuk pada buku kesejarahan dan peradaban. Hasil penelitian ini untuk memberikan pencerdasan kepada para cendekiawan muslim, orang-orang Islam dan para intelektual pada umumnya bahwa keruntuhan Khilfah Turki Utsmani bukan hanya karena kekalahannya dalam perang Dunia I akan tetapi juga karena Peradaban barat yang berpengaruh besar pada peradaban Islam di dalam Kekhalifahan Turki Usmani.

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The renewal carried out by Turkey relating to the country of Islamic civilization, history of Western civilization, secularization that affected it. Now, as well as the decline of Ottoman Caliphate itself was caused by the development of civilization and understand an increasingly modern, resulting in a renewal of the State of Turkey into a more modern civilizations. This library is a research of qualitative research by referring to historical books and civilization. The results of this research to give more information to muslim scholars, Islamic people and intellectuals in General that the collapse of Ottoman Turkey Khilfah not only because of its defeat in World War I but also because of the influence of Western civilization on Islamic civilization in Turkey Ottoman Caliphate."

"The Ottoman empire was one of the largest and most influential empires in world history. Its reach extended to three continents and it survived for more than six centuries, but its history is too often colored by the memory of its bloody final throes on the battle-fields of World War I. [This book is] for the general reader. [In the book, the author] recounts the story of the Ottoman Empire from its origins in the thirteenth century through its destruction in the twentieth. According to the Ottoman chronicles the first sultan, Osman, had a dream in which a tree emerged fully formed from his navel "and its shade encompassed the world"--Symbolizing the vast empire he and his descendants were destined to forge. His vision was soon realized - at its height, the Ottoman realm extended from Hungary to the Persian Gulf, from North Africa to the Caucasus. A multitude of religions flourished within its frontiers." With World War I, the Empire collapsed, and European colonial powers carved up former Ottoman lands. Their actions haunt us still - from the Balkans to Baghdad, the Ottoman sultanate once ruled over regions which are now amongst the most troubled on earth. In [the book, the author] narrates the dramatic history of this vast empire that shaped the modern world."

"Republik Turki, yang lahir di atas puing-puing Kekhalifahan Turki Ottoman, dibangun melalui nasionalisme yang tidak hanya berseberangan dengan pendahulunya, tetapi juga mengandung daya hancur terhadap struktur kekhalifahan sekaligus daya bangun bagi karakter bangsa Turki yang baru. Penelitian ini meninjau kembali bagaimana nasionalisme di Turki, yang sering dianggap bertolak belakang dengan nilai-nilai kekhalifahan, ternyata merupakan sintesis dari ingatan kejayaan masa kekhalifahan, nilai-nilai Islam, dan semangat nasionalisme Barat. Dengan metode studi pustaka, penelitian ini mengkaji berbagai sumber literatur untuk memaparkan dinamika kemunculan dan perkembangan nasionalisme di wilayah Turki Ottoman era Tanzimat, hingga perannya dalam membentuk identitas Republik Turki. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nasionalisme Turki tidak sekadar menjadi pemutus kontinuitas kekhalifahan, tetapi juga menjadi fondasi bagi pembentukan identitas Turki modern yang tetap mencerminkan warisan sejarah dan nilai-nilai keislaman.

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The Republic of Turkey, born on the ruins of the Ottoman Caliphate, was built through nationalism that was not only at odds with its predecessors, but also contained a destructive force against the structure of the Caliphate as well as a constructive force for the character of the new Turkish nation. This study reviews how nationalism in Turkey, which is often considered to be at odds with the values of the Caliphate, is in fact a synthesis of the memory of the glory of the Caliphate, Islamic values, and the spirit of Western nationalism. Using the library study method, this study examines various sources of literature to explain the dynamics of the emergence and development of nationalism in the Ottoman Turkish region during the Tanzimat era, to its role in shaping the identity of the Republic of Turkey. The results of this study show that Turkish nationalism is not only a breaker of the continuity of the Caliphate, but also a foundation for the formation of a modern Turkish identity that still reflects the historical heritage and Islamic values."

"Republik Turki, yang lahir di atas puing-puing Kekhalifahan Turki Ottoman, dibangun melalui nasionalisme yang tidak hanya berseberangan dengan pendahulunya, tetapi juga mengandung daya hancur terhadap struktur kekhalifahan sekaligus daya bangun bagi karakter bangsa Turki yang baru. Penelitian ini meninjau kembali bagaimana nasionalisme di Turki, yang sering dianggap bertolak belakang dengan nilai-nilai kekhalifahan, ternyata merupakan sintesis dari ingatan kejayaan masa kekhalifahan, nilai-nilai Islam, dan semangat nasionalisme Barat. Dengan metode studi pustaka, penelitian ini mengkaji berbagai sumber literatur untuk memaparkan dinamika kemunculan dan perkembangan nasionalisme di wilayah Turki Ottoman era Tanzimat, hingga perannya dalam membentuk identitas Republik Turki. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nasionalisme Turki tidak sekadar menjadi pemutus kontinuitas kekhalifahan, tetapi juga menjadi fondasi bagi pembentukan identitas Turki modern yang tetap mencerminkan warisan sejarah dan nilai-nilai keislaman.

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The Republic of Turkey, born on the ruins of the Ottoman Caliphate, was built through nationalism that was not only at odds with its predecessors, but also contained a destructive force against the structure of the Caliphate as well as a constructive force for the character of the new Turkish nation. This study reviews how nationalism in Turkey, which is often considered to be at odds with the values of the Caliphate, is in fact a synthesis of the memory of the glory of the Caliphate, Islamic values, and the spirit of Western nationalism. Using the library study method, this study examines various sources of literature to explain the dynamics of the emergence and development of nationalism in the Ottoman Turkish region during the Tanzimat era, to its role in shaping the identity of the Republic of Turkey. The results of this study show that Turkish nationalism is not only a breaker of the continuity of the Caliphate, but also a foundation for the formation of a modern Turkish identity that still reflects the historical heritage and Islamic values."

"ABSTRACTSkripsi ini membahas tentang kebijakan-kebijakan luar negeri kesultanan Ottoman pada masa pemerintahan Sultan Suleyman I (1520-1566) dan apa yang menjadi justifikasi Suleyman atas kebijakan-kebijkan tersebut. Penelitian ini terbatas pada kebijakan-kebijakan yang juga melibatkan negara-negara besar lain abad pertengahan sehingga memiliki signifikansi atas situasi politik dan militer dunia pada saat itu. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode sejarah yang merekonstruksi kejadian masa lalu lewat studi kepustakaan. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif, yaitu mendeskripsikan gejala, peristiwa, dan kejadian pada waktu tertentu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberi gambaran mengenai apa ideologi dan legitimasi Suleyman I sebagai penguasa universal yang kemudian dia proyeksikan dalam kebijakan-kebijakan luar negeri yang diambilnya. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk menggambarkan kebijakan-kebijakan itu sendiri.

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ABSTRACTThe focus of this research are Foreign Policies of Ottoman Empire in the reign of Sultan Suleyman I (1520-1566) and Suleymans justifications for these policies. This research is limited to Foreign Policies that are involved with other major medieval countries so that they had significance to the worlds political and military situation at that time. The method used in this research is historical method that reconstructs past events through library studies. This is a descriptive research which describe phenomenon and events at a certain time. The purpose of this research is to provide an overview of the ideology and legitimacy of Suleyman I as a universal ruler which then he projected in his Foreign Policies. Other purpose of this research is to review Suleymans Foreign Policies themselves."

"At the turn of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire straddled three continents and encompassed extraordinary ethnic and cultural diversity among the estimated thirty million people living within its borders. It was perhaps the most cosmopolitan state in the world--and possibly the most volatile. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire now gives scholars and general readers a concise history of the late empire between 1789 and 1918, turbulent years marked by incredible social change. Moving past standard treatments of the subject, M. S©ơkr©ơ Hanioglu emphasizes broad historical trends an."