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Abstrak :
As peacekeeping has evolved to encompass a broader humanitarian approach, women personels have become increasingly part of the peacekeeping family.The UN has called for more deployment of female peacekeepers to enhance the overall “holistic” approach to current UN peacekeeping operations. There is clearly more work to be done to integrate more female peacekeepers into UN missions. More skilled and trained female peacekeepers can only be an asset to future peacekeeping operations.In October 2000, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security. The resolution was hailed as a landmark resolution in that for the fi¬rst time, the Security Council recognised the contribution women make during and post-conflict. Since the adoption of Resolution 1325, attention to gender perspectives within the international peace agenda has ¬firmly been placed within the broader peace and security framework. This article explains the development of Indonesian female peacekeepers contribution in the period of 2009-20016 and argues why Indonesia needs to support and to consider deploying more female peacekeepers in UN peacekeeping operations.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
The Balkan conflict which shocked the international community during the 1990's has now marked history as one of the greatest humanitarian tragedies during of that decade. The basic principle of self-determination by the republic states within the Yugoslav Federation was responded with armed conflict by the ruling Serbs. Bosnia Herzegovina as one of the many republic states that attempted to separate itself from the Yugoslav Federation, faced direct military aggression from the Serbian-controlled Yugoslavian National Army (JNA), desperately trying to maintain integrity of the disintegrating Yugoslavian Federation. This military aggression instigated ethnic conflict within the territories of Bosnia Herzegovina into the following opposite ethic factions: Bosnian Serbs, Bosnian Croats and Bosnian Muslims. The escalating conflict gained the attention of the international community, which opted to mediate a peaceful solution for the conflicting parties. The European Community, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Western European Union (WEU) were the key regional organizations in Europe that supported the United Nations (UN) effort of peacekeeping operations in the Bosnian conflict area. History has recorded the UN peacekeeping operations in Bosnia as a continued polemic in regard to its effectiveness and implementation. The internal bureaucracy of the United Nations, specifically the UN Security Council and its mandates has shown ambiguities affecting the overall outcome of the peacekeeping operations. This thesis attempts a qualitative study to further analyze the dynamics within the United Nations, and its effectiveness in implementing peacekeeping operation efforts during the Balkan crisis in Bosnia.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Invasi Israel ke Libanon membuat Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa membuat misi perdamaian internasional yang diberi nama UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. Untuk menyusun pasukan-pasukan dari negara-negara anggotanya agar tergabung dalam UNIFIL, PBB melakukan seleksi terhadap negara-negara anggotanya untuk berpartisipasi dengan cara memberian mandat melalui Resolusi DK PBB 1701. Indonesia merupakan negara yang dimandatkan oleh PBB setelah sebelumnya pasukan UNIFIL hanya diisi oleh negara-negara anggota NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menekankan metode studi kasus dari peristiwa yang terjadi di Libanon Selatan yang melibatkan Indonesia sebagai pasukan pemelihara perdamaian (peacekeeper). Adapun praktek pemeliharaan perdamaian (peacekeeping) yang dilakukan Indonesia sesuai dengan landasan Politik Luar Negeri RI (Polugri). Penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan fakta historis dimana pada tahun-tahun militer Indonesia tergabung dalam UNIFIL telah membangun citra positif Indonesia khususnya di Libanon. Hal tersebut berdasarkan temuan-temuan mengenai banyaknya prestasi yang diperoleh Kontingen Garuda yang dibuktikan dengan berbagai macam penghargaan baik oleh pemerintah Indonesia, pemerintah Libanon maupun Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa sehingga menjadi kebangaan tersendiri bagi Indonesia. Namun demikian, pemerintah Indonesia sepertinya tidak lantas berpuas diri dengan prestasi yang telah dicapai oleh tentara militernya. Dengan posisi militer Indonesia yang masuk dalam lima belas besar peringkat dunia, Indonesia masih menginginkan masuk dalam posisi sepuluh besar peringkat militer dunia sehingga untuk mencapai tujuan itu pemerintah terus melakukan upaya pembenahan didalam tubuh militer, penambahan jumlah personil yang dilengkapi dengan skill, penambahan anggaran yang menyesuaikan serta menjalin kerja sama dengan aktor-aktor peacekeeping lainnya.

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ABSTRACT
Israeli invasion to Southern Lebanon was responsed by the United Nations (UN) to make the international peace mission called UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon). To prepare troops from member countries that are members of UNIFIL, the UN undertook the selection by the UN Resolution called mandate. Indonesia is one of UN members countries which is mandated by the UN after the previous UNIFIL troops only be filled by the member countries of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). A pride for Indonesia because through Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) in the name of nation internationally, but it is contrast with what Indonesia’s had with alutsista is uncomplete. This study used a qualitative approach by emphasizing the study method of the ectivity that occurred in South Lebanon as involving Indonesian peacekeepers. The practice of maintaining peace (peacekeeping) are conducted in accordance with the foundation of Indonesian Politics of Foreign Affairs (Polugri), Concept of Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) and defensive military doctrine and form of implementation of International Cooperation. This study was conducted based on the historical facts in the years in which the Indonesian military have joined the UNIFIL build a positive image of Indonesia, especially in Lebanon. It is based on the findings of the many achievements in Garuda Contingent as evidenced by the various awards by the Indonesian government, the Lebanese government and the United Nations so that it becomes a moment of pride for Indonesia. However, the Indonesian government seems not necessarily satisfied with the achievements by military troops. By entering the Indonesian military position in the world rankings fifteen, Indonesia still wanted inside the top ten world ranking military so as to achieve the purpose that the government continues to make efforts to reform the military in the body, increasing the number of personnel who are equipped with skills, adding adjust budget and collaborate with other peacekeeping actors.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini membahas mengenai usaha penghentian konflik etnis di Darfur, Sudan melalui peacekeeping operation yang dilakukan oleh PBB selama tahun 2004 hingga 2008. Langkah-langkah yang diambil oleh PBB sebagai pihak ketiga yang mengintervensi konflik dengan melakukan peacekeeping operation serta bekerjasama dengan Uni Afrika. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwa PBB sebaiknya menyusun mandat peacekeeping operation secara menyeluruh yang meliputi masa terjadinya konflik serta masa paska-konflik dan melakukan perubahan-perubahan mendasar pada badan organisasi PBB sendiri.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis is focused on the attempt to stop the Darfur Conflict, Sudan through peacekeeping operation led by the United Nations from year 2004 until 2008. The steps taken by UN as a third-party who interfere the conflict by doing the peacekeeping operation, and also cooperate with the African Union. The result of this study shows that the United Nations should form mandate(s) of a peacekeeping operation thoroughly which include the time of ongoing conflict and post-conflict and also reconstruct the body of the organization itself.

Abstrak :
Isu penjaga perdamaian merupakan isu yang dianggap sensitif oleh negara-negara anggota ASEAN. Sensitivitas isu tersebut disebabkan oleh adopsi norma non-interferensi dalam hubungan antar-negara di Asia Tenggara. Sensitivitas tersebut juga mengakibatkan kerja sama penjaga perdamaian kurang dieksplorasi. Pada tahun 2011, Indonesia menginisiasi pembentukan ASEAN Peacekeeping Centres Network sebagai kerja sama penjaga perdamaian yang bersifat kolaboratif. Inisiasi tersebut cukup berlawanan dengan sensitivitas regional terhadap isu penjaga perdamaian. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini membahas mengenai faktor yang melatarbelakangi inisiasi Indonesia dalam mendorong pembentukan ASEAN Peacekeeping Centres Network. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi penelitian kualitatif. Untuk menjawab permasalahan, penelitian ini menggunakan teori peran oleh K.J Holsti. Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa inisiasi Indonesia dalam mendorong pembentukan ASEAN Peacekeeping Centres Network merupakan performa peran Indonesia sebagai pemimpin regional, khususnya dalam bidang penjaga perdamaian. Kepemimpinan ini terbentuk karena dua faktor. Pertama, konsepsi peran nasional yang merupakan persepsi dari para perumus kebijakan luar negeri. Kedua, preskripsi peran alter yang merupakan sistem internasional di tingkat Asia Tenggara. ......Peacekeeping is an issue that is considered sensitive by the ASEAN member states. The sensitivity of the issue is caused by the adoption of non-interference norm in interstate relations in Southeast Asia. This sensitivity also resulted in less exploration of peacekeeping cooperation. In 2011, Indonesia initiated the establishment of the ASEAN Peacekeeping Centres Network as a collaborative peacekeeping partnership. This initiative is quite contrary to regional sensitivity towards peacekeeping issues. Therefore, this research discusses the factors behind Indonesia’s initiation in encouraging the establishment of ASEAN Peacekeeping Centres Network. This research uses a qualitative research methodology. To answer this problem, this research uses role theory by K.J Holsti. This research argues that Indonesia’s initiation in encouraging the establishment of the ASEAN Peacekeeping Centres Network is Indonesia’s role performance as a regional leader, especially in the field of peacekeeping. This leadership is formed due to two factors. Firstly, the national role conception which is the perception of foreign policy makers. Secondly, alter’s role prescription which is the international system at the Southeast Asian level.

Abstrak :
Operasi pemeliharaan perdamaian (peacekeeping operation) atau PKO oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa lahir pada 1948 dengan nama United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) di Timur Tengah untuk mengawasi kesepakatan gencatan senjata antara Israel dan negara-negara Arab. Sejak saat itu, misi pemeliharaan perdamaian terus berkembang dari bentukan/model tradisional menjadi lebih kokoh dan multidimensional seperti sekarang. Dunia akademik kemudian menaruh perhatian pada efektivitas operasi pemeliharaan perdamaian sebagai instrumen manajemen konflik internasional. Terdapat sejumlah literatur akademik yang mengkritisi apakah mandat tersebut benar-benar memiliki dampak atau kontribusi positif dalam melindungi warga sipil, mencegah konflik berulang, menegakkan hak asasi manusia, dan tanggung jawab lain yang ditugaskan pada operasi tersebut. Kajian literatur ini berusaha memetakan ragam argumen/pendapat dari berbagai kelompok pemikiran yang mengkritisi efektivitas PKO melalui metode taksonomi dengan mengklasifikasikan perdebatan argumen ke dalam tiga kategori: (1) standar efektivitas PKO; (2) syarat keberhasilan PKO; dan (3) penyebab keberhasilan PKO dalam perspektif Hubungan Internasional. Masing-masing komponen dari tiga kategori besar tersebut merefleksikan karakter yang berbeda dikelompokkan ke tiga tingkat pemahaman: teoretis, politis, dan praktis/operasional. Berdasarkan sejumlah literatur yang sudah dikaji, tulisan ini menemukan bahwa sewajarnya PKO dapat diklaim efektif/berhasil di standar-standar tertentu, tetapi gagal di standar lainnya. Untuk memenuhi keberhasilan di satu standar, PKO dapat melanggar atau mengabaikan standar lain, dan hal ini berpengaruh pada strategi/faktor penyebab keberhasilan yang dipilih untuk memenuhi standar yang diprioritaskan. Kritik yang mengasumsikan PKO sebagai instrumen yang efektif atau tidak efektif menurut tulisan ini kurang tepat mengingat beragam standar yang disematkan pada misi tersebut. ...... United Nations Peacekeeping Operation (PKO) began in 1948 under the title of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) in the Middle East to monitor the armistice agreement between Israel and Arab countries. Since then, the peacekeeping mission has continued to transform from the traditional model to be more robust and multidimensional, in its approach, as it continues to be. In the academic domain, major attention has been given to the effectiveness of peacekeeping operation as international conflict management instrument. There is a large number of academic literatures that criticize whether the mandate, in all conscience, has a positive effect or contribution in protecting civilians, preventing conflicts, promoting human rights, and other responsibilities assigned to the operation. This study seeks to map a variety of arguments/opinions from diverse group of perspectives that criticize the effectiveness of peacekeeping operation using taxonomy by classifying those arguments into three categories: (1) standards of peacekeeping effectiveness; (2) requirements for peacekeeping success; and (3) success factors of peacekeeping through the lenses of IR perspectives. Each component of the three major categories reflects different characteristic and is grouped into three levels of understanding: theoretical, political, and practical/operational. Based on the literatures that have been carefully reviewed, this paper finds that it is fair to claim peacekeeping operation to be effective at certain standards, but ineffective at the others. To successfully complete one standard, peacekeeping could violate or ignore other standards, and consequently affecting the strategy or success factors chosen to meet the priority standards. The binary assumptions evaluating peacekeeping as simply effective or ineffective, according to this paper, is improper considering the variety of standards attached to the mission.

Abstrak :
The UNPKO has an important role in dealing with conflict resolution in many part of the world and bring the security back to normal. In this regards, the constitutional basis of the UNPKO can be seen in Chapter Six and Seven of the UN Charter. A a country which embraces value of liberty and in order to creat orderliness and worldpeace, Indonesia has been actively involved in the UNPKO since 1957. Based on this, it can be argued that Indonesia's role in the UNPKO is relevant with the constitution of the republic.

Abstrak :
The dynamics of the post cold war era has triggered changes in the pattern of war, from interstate into interstate conflicts which are increasingly complex and multi-dimensional. It is required for the UN to be involved in international peace operations. These conditions pose challenges for the UN and international community. Those challenges are environmental, political capacity, and the overarching challenges; which are all challenges for future peace operations. Indonesia as one of the permanent member of Troops Contributing Countries for the UN is required to perform anticipatory measures in order to face such challenges. Therefore the role of PMPP TNI, as the executor in field. This study discusses about PMPP TNI's response to anticipate future challenges of the UN through managing its component capabilities. The research method is a qualitative with analytical descriptive. PMPP TNI response requires synergy and right strategy both in operational and strategic level to achieve TNI readiness for the future peacekeeping operation

Abstrak :
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa female peacekeepers dan keterlibatan negara-negara Uni Eropa dan agenda misi perdamaian dunia dalam prespektif kemanan dan politik. Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB (UNSCR) 1325 tentang Perempuan, Perdamaian dan Keamanan (WPS) yang minim kontribusi. Tujuan dari agenda WPS salah satunya adalah memperhatikan keterwakilan female peacekeepers dalam perdamaian dan keamanan, termasuk dalam operasi perdamaian multilateral Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif dengan sumber data skunder yang diambil dari referensi dan literatur yang berhubungan dengan konsep peacekeeping force dengan Teori collective security. Berdasarkan data yang didapat melihat lima negara zero contribution pada female peacekeepers menandakan bahwa apa yang dimandatkan belum dapat terlaksana, dengan melihat faktor-faktor yang salah satunya kontribusi peacekeeping force 5 negara terendah tersebut juga minim dalam kontribusi pengiriman peacekeeping force hasil dari penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa negara-negara anggota Uni Eropa di dalam negerinya masih memerlukan pembentukan dan juga belum tercapainya pemenuhan pasukan dalam negeri, sehingga baik Polisi, Militer maupun Sipil tidak dapat sepenuhnya ikut dikirimkan dalam misi PBB sendiri. ......The purpose of this study is to analyze the female peacekeepers and the involvement of EU countries and the agenda of world peace missions in a security and political perspective. UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (WPS) is of little contribution. One of the objectives of the WPS agenda is to pay attention to the representation of female peacekeepers in peace and security, including in multilateral peace operations This research uses a qualitative approach method with skunder data sources taken from references and literature related to the concept of peacekeeping force with the theory of collective security . Based on the data obtained, looking at the five zero contribution countries in female peacekeepers indicates that what is mandated has not been able to be carried out, by looking at factors, one of which is the contribution of the peacekeeping force of the 5 lowest countries is also minimal in the contribution of peacekeeping force delivery The results of this study found that the european union member states in their country still need the formation and also have not achieved the fulfillment of domestic forces, so that neither the Police, Military nor Civilian can fully participate in the UN mission itself.