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"Pemanfaatan herbal di Indonesia telah lama dilakukan baik untuk penyembuhan penyakit, salah satunya pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) sebagai penyembuh luka dan mencegah terbentuknya keloid dengan zat aktif asiatikosid yang diaplikasikan secara topikal. Oleh karena asiatikosid memiliki berat molekul yang besar, kelarutan dalam air dan lipid yang buruk, sehingga susah untuk berpenetrasi melewati kulit, untuk itu dibuat dalam sistem pembawa liposom. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat liposom dengan menganalisis pengaruh penambahan konsentrasi fosfatidilkolin terhadap stabilitas liposom dan mengetahui daya penetrasinya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode hidrasi lapis tipis, analisis kuantitatif kadar penjerapan asiatikosid dengan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) Densitometri dan uji penetrasi secara in vitro dengan sel difusi Franz. Ada empat formula yang digunakan sesuai dengan perbandingan fosfatidilkolin dan kolesterol, di mana konsentrasi kolesterol tetap, hanya fosfatidilkolin yang mengalami penambahan. Hasil menunjukkan adanya peningkatan efisiensi penjerapan terhadap zat aktif asiatikosid; memperkecil distribusi ukuran partikel melalui pengukuran Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM); dan peningkatan jumlah kumulatif, fluks, serta persentase jumlah asiatikosid yang terpenetrasi berdasarkan uji penetrasi in vitro selama 8 jam.

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The use of herbs in Indonesia has been carried out long time ago for healing the disease, one of which gotu kola (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) as wound healing and prevent the formation of keloids with asiaticoside active substance applied topically. However, asiaticoside has a large molecular weight, poor solubility in water and lipid, so difficult to penetrate through the skin. Therefore, it needs such a carrier system called liposome, which is the major constituent of lipid components, namely phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol.

The aims of this study is to analyze the effect of addition on phosphatidylcholine concentration for the stability of liposomes and its penetration. This study is using a thin layer hidration method to make liposom, entrapment levels of asiaticoside analyzed quantitatively by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) densitometry and in vitro penetration test with Franz diffusion cell. There are four formulas were used in accordance with the ratio of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, where cholesterol concentration was constant.

The results showed there was increase in efficiency of entrapment the active substance and reduce the particle size distribution. The results also showed there was increase in the cumulative number penetration, flux, and the percentage amount of asiaticoside that penetrated based on Franz diffusion cell test for 8 hours."

"Asbuton is natural , asphalt from buton Island with great deposists and ccan be utilized, as a road material becaese it contains not only bitumen but ol olso with minnrak with gigh 0s lime content (CaaCo3)..."

"Pondasi tiang didesain berdasarkan karakteristik tanah terkait. Untuk mengetahui karakteristik tanah, maka dilakukan investigasi geoteknik. Salah satu investigasi geoteknik yang menjadi fokus adalah uji CPT (Cone Penetration Test). Meskipun sudah dilakukan investigasi, 'ketidakpastian' akan karakteristik tanah masih membayangi. Karena 'ketidakpastian' inilah, maka dilakukan uji pembebanan pondasi tiang. Dari uji ini, akan dihasilkan (salah satunya) kurva siklik antara beban terhadap penurunan. Kurva ini akan menjadi acuan untuk uji balik yang dilakukan menggunakan program berbasis finite element analysis, yaitu PLAXIS- 2D. Uji balik dimaksudkan untuk menemukan korelasi nilai E (modulus elastis) tanah dan c (kohesi tanah) dengan nilai qc (tahanan konus) dari uji CPT. Pemilihan lokasi untuk penelitian ini adalah pembangunan gedung world class university, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Jawa Barat. Berdasarkan uji lapangan dan laboratorium, karakteristik tanah di lokasi ini didominasi oleh jenis lanau berlempung. Pada model PLAXIS-2D, nilai E dan c tanah pada tipe material Mohr-Coulomb diatur sampai memenuhi kriteria kecocokan kurva. Dari pemodelan ini, didapatkanlah korelasi nilai antara qc dengan nilai E dan c, sehingga kedepannya desain pondasi pada jenis tanah yang identik dengan lokasi penelitian dapat dilakukan lebih baik.

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Pile foundation is designed based on the characteristics of the soil concerned. Geotechnical investigation was carried out to determine soil characteristic. CPT (Cone Penetration Test) is a geotechnical investigation that often done. Despite the investigation has been carried out, 'uncertainty' of soil characteristics is still exist.

Based on this thing, pile load testing needs to be done. One of the results of this test is a cyclic curve between load and settlement. This curve will be a reference to perform a back analysis using finite element based program, called PLAXIS-2D. The purpose of this analysis is to find correlation between E (elastic modulus), c (cohesion) and qc value from CPT test.

Site selection for this research is World Class University Building Project, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java. During the construction, eight pile load testing were carried out. Based on field and laboratory testing, soil characteristic was dominated by Clayey-Silt Soil Type. In PLAXIS-2D model, E and c value of Mohr-Coulomb material type were adjusted until curve matching criteria successfully reached. Finally, the future design of pile foundation in soil types mentioned above can be more accurate."

"Nationally Indonesia needs the asphalt materials was approximately 1,2 million tons each year and only 0.6 million tons can be provided by PT. Pertamina and the rest should be imported from another country...."