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"Ethanol 70% and water extracts of alpinia spp. i.e. alpinia zerumbet, A. Katsumadai. A. malaccensis and A. officinarum were examined for their impact in in-vitro phagocytosis activity and capacity of mouse (mus musculus) peritoneum macrophage induced by staphylococcus epidermis. The extract concentrations used in this experiment were 0; 0.1; 1.0; 10; 100 ml, imboost (echinacea purpurea extract) 1000 ml was used as positive control while distilled water as negative control. The assay result showed that all of the extract were activity to promote phagocytosis activity and capacity of macrophage cells. The phagocytosis activity and capacity were increases by increasing extract concentration, and ethanol extract showed better activity than water extract. Alpina officinarum and A. Katsumadai extract reveal better phagocytosis activity and capacity than others. Activity and capacity of phagocytosis of each concentration was significantly (p<0,05) different each other as well as with negative control. There is significant difference among each extracts and positive control at 1000 ml"

"Tuberkulosis (TB) sampai dengan saat ini masih merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatanutama di Indonesia. Sepuluh persen dari TB ekstraparu adalah TB tulang, dan sekitar 50%penderita TB tulang menyerang tulang belakang (Spinal Tuberkulosis). Respon tubuhterhadap Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) sehingga menimbulkan penyebaranekstraparu, khususnya respon makrofag sebagai pertahanan lini pertama, masih belumsepenuhnya dimengerti. Makrofag menghasilkan molekul reactive oxygen species (ROS)sebagai hasil dari oxygen burst untuk mengeliminasi antigen. Nitrat Oksida (NO) danmieloperoksidase (MPO) berperan pada oxygen burst Selain itu, Pada fagositosisterdapat organel lisosom yang di dalamnya terdapat enzim hidrolase (fosfatase asam danbeta glukuronidase) berguna pada pencernaan intraseluler. Penelitian ini mengujihipotesis bahwa ada gangguan fungsi makrofag pada pasien TB tulang belakang. Monositdiisolasi dari peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) dari lima pasien TB tulangbelakang dan lima orang sehat sebagai kontrol. Monosit yang terisolasi dikultur denganstimulasi dari macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) selama tujuh hari untukpematangan. Kemampuan fagositosis makrofag dinilai aktivitasnya terhadapa sel darahmerah domba (SDMD). Sedangkan nitrat oksida (NO), mieloperoksidase (MPO), betaglukuronidase,dan aktivitas fosfatase asam diselidiki dengan metode spektrofotometer.Analisis data dengan menggunakan aplikasi SPSS versi 20. Kami menemukan bahwamonosit yang diisolasi dari PBMC pasien TB tulang belakang secara signifikan lebihsedikit dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (2992.103 vs 6474.103 (sel / mL)) danjuga lebih sedikit makrofag yang melekat pada sel darah merah domba (SDMD) (264.103vs 598.103 (sel / mL)). Namun, produksi NO (2346 vs 325,17 (μmol / gram protein)), danMPO (570,7 vs 17,4 (unit / mg), beta-glukuronide (0,149 vs 0,123 (unit / mg)), dan asamfosfatase aktivitas (1776,9 vs 287,9 (unit / mg)) dari makrofag kelompok TB tulangbelakang lebih tinggi daripada kelompok yang sehat serta korelasi negatif kuat danbermakna antara fagositosis makrofag dengan tiap variabel tersebut. Selain itu, Terdapatkorelasi positif lemah dan tidak bermakna antara kejadian fagositosis dan uji WST.Meskipun pengenalan rendah pada benda asing, proses makrofag intraseluler, termasukaktivitas oksidatif dan fungsi lisosom, tinggi secara signifikan. Hasil ini menunjukanpenurunan fungsi makrofag pada pasien TB tulang belakang serta terdapat kemungkinanadanya dominasi imunitas non-spesifik bawaan pada infeksi TB tulang belakangTuberculosis (TB) is still one of the main health problems in Indonesia. Ten percent ofextrapulmonary TB is bone TB and about 50% of people with bone TB affected to thespine. The immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), which causesextrapulmonary spread, particularly the response of macrophages as a first-line defense,is still not fully understood. Macrophages produce reactive oxygen species (ROS)molecules as a result of oxygen bursts to eliminate antigens. Nitric Oxide (NO) andmyeloperoxidase (MPO) play a role in oxygen burst. Also, phagocytosis process involvedlysosomal organelles in which there are hydrolase enzymes (acid phosphatase and betaglucuronidase),which have important role in intracellular digestion. This study examinedthe hypothesis about impairment of macrophage function in spondylitis TB patients.Monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collectedfrom five spinal TB patients and five healthy people as controls. Isolated monocytes werecultured by stimulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) for seven daysfor maturation. The phagocytic ability of macrophages is assessed as to their activity onsheep red blood cells. Whereas nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), betaglucuronidase,and acid phosphatase activity were investigated by spectrophotometermethods. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. We found that monocytes isolatedfrom PBMC of spondylitis TB patients were significantly less than in the control group(2992,103 vs 6474,103 (cells / mL)) and also fewer macrophages attached to red bloodcells sheep (264,103 vs 598,103 (cells / mL)). However, NO production (2346 vs 325.17(μmol / gram protein)), MPO (570.7 vs. 17.4 (units/mg), beta-glucuronide (0.149 vs 0.123(units/mg)), and acids phosphatase activity (1776.9 vs 287.9 (units/mg)) of macrophagesin the spondylitis TB group were higher than in the healthy group. There was a strongand significant negative correlation between phagocytosis of macrophages with each ofthe previous variables. There was no significant difference between phagocytic abilityand the WST test. Although the recognition against foreign bodies was low, intracellularmacrophage processes, including oxidative activity and lysosomal function, weresignificantly higher than control. This result showed a decrease of macrophage functionin spondylitis TB patients as well as a possible dominance of non- specific immunity."

"Latar Belakang: Infeksi merupakan penyebab kematian yang penting pada thalassemia. Peningkatan risiko infeksi disebabkan oleh banyak faktor antara lain karena kelebihan besi dan splenektomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perbedaan fungsi fagositosis monosit pada pasien thalassemia mayor pasca splenektomi dan non splenektomi serta mengetahui hubungan fungsi fagositosis monosit dengan kadar feritin serum. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan di Departemen Patologi Klinik RSCM, Jakarta pada September 2013 ? Februari 2014. Desain penelitian potong lintang, dengan subjek penelitian pasien thalassemia mayor, terdiri dari 58 subjek pasca splenektomi dan 58 subjek non splenektomi yang telah dilakukan macthing umur dan jenis kelamin. Dilakukan pemeriksaan fagositosis monosit menggunakan E.coli yang telah diopsonisasi dan dilabel FITC sebagai target, (PhagotestTM) dan diperiksa dengan flow cytometry BD FACSCalibur. Kadar feritin serum diperiksa dengan Cobas e 601. Hasil: Median fagositosis monosit pada 58 subjek pasca splenektomi 5,03 (0,17 ? 22,79) %, dan pada 58 subjek non splenektomi 7,09 (0,11 ? 27,24) %, dan nilai p > 0.05. Kadar feritin serum pada subjek pasca splenektomi 6.724 (644,60 ? 21.835) ng/mL dan subjek non splenektomi 4.702,50 (1.381 ? 14.554) ng/mL, dan nilai p < 0.05. Hasil uji korelasi fungsi fagositosis monosit dengan kadar feritin didapatkan r = 0.13 (nilai p = 1.00). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara fungsi fagositosis monosit pada pasien thalassemia mayor pasca splenektomi dan non splenektomi. Kadar feritin serum pada pasien thalassemia mayor pasca splenektomi lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan non splenektomi. Tidak didapatkan hubungan antara fagositosis monosit dengan kadar feritin serum.

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Background: Infection is an important cause of death in thalassemia. Increase of risk of infection could be due to iron overload and post-splenectomy. The study aimed to determine the difference of phagocytosis function of monocyte between post-splenectomized and non- splenectomized patients with thalassemia major, and the correlation of phagocytosis function of monocyte and serum ferritin level.

Methods: The study was conducted in Department of Clinical Pathology Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital, Jakarta, in September 2013 ? Februari 2014. It was a cross sectional study. The study subjects consisted of 58 post-splenectomized patients and 58 non-splenectomized patients with age and sex matching. Phagocytosis function of monocyte was determined using E.coli opsonized and labelled with FITC as target, (Phagotest TM) and was measured by flow cytometry BD FACSCalibur. Serum ferritin level was measured using Cobas e 601.

Result: Median phagocytosis of monocyte was 5,03 (0,17 ? 22,79) %, in 58 post- splenectomized subjects and 7,09 (0,11 ? 27,24) % in non-splenectomized subjects; p value > 0.05. Serum ferritin level was 6.274 (644,60 ? 21.835) ng/mL in post-splenectomized subjects and 4.702,50 (1.381 - 14.554) ng/mL in non-splenectomy subjects; p value < 0.05. The correlation between phagocytosis function of monocyte and serum ferritin level was r = 0.13 ( p value = 1.00).

Conclusion: There was no statistical difference of phagocytosis function of monocyte between post-splenectomized subjects and non-splenectomized subjects. Serum ferritin level in post- splenectomized was higher than non-splenectomized subjects. There was no correlation between phagocytosis function of monocyte and serum ferritin level."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 333-337Hyperglycemia which occurs in type 2 diabetic patient increases prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cytokine expression, and decreases neutrophil phagocytotic function. This will induce inflammation and periodontal destruction, thus decreasing periodontal status. The aim of the study was to analyze the pattern of interleukine-1β (IL-1β) level, phagocytotic function, and periodontal status. The study's design was cross-sectional on 45 controlled diabetes mellitus (CDM) and 45 uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (UCDM) subjects and 45 non diabetic subjects, 40-60 years old in Metabolic-Endocrinology Clinic Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Statistical analysis was performed using a Stata 7.0 software computer. The result showed that the pattern alteration of increasing IL-1β level was in 2 hours-post prandial glucose level of >150mg/dL, decreasing phagocytotic function in glucose level of >170mg/dL, and decreasing periodontal status in glucose level of >240mg/dL. Therefore it is concluded that the pattern alteration of decreasing periodontal status, increasing IL-1β, and decreasing phagocytotic function showed on certain blood glucose level."

"Periodontal status is a periodontum condition evaluated by using plaque index, calculus index, gingival index and pocket index. The main mediator of periodontum inflammation is IL-113 examined by ELISA method. There is an evaluation of PMN s in periodontum inflammation, but the leucotoxin as well as the protease in turn lowers the PMN phagocytotic function. Phagocytotic function was measured by flowcytometry. The aim of the study was to evaluate the high risk factors of being type 2 DM. A diagnostic study was conducted by using cross-sectional design on 45 controlled DM (CDM) subjects, 45 uncontrolled DM (UCDM) subjects in the Metabolic Endocrinology Clinic Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta, as compared to 45 non-DM control subjects. The result of multivariate analysis showed that patients of older age (>54 years old), low periodontum status (periodontal index >1.80), high IL-113 level (>23.70 pg/mL), and low PMN phagocytotic function <<53.47%), were significantly at high risk of having DM compared to non-DM (p<0.05). Lower periodontum status showed an increase in IL-113 level, decrease PMN phagocytotic function, and consequently, an increase in the risk of being type 2 DM."