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"Latar Belakang: Enterococcus faecalis merupakan penyebab infeksi persisten pasca perawatan saluran akar. Terdapat bahan disinfeksi baru yang efektif terhadap biofilm E.faecalis. Tujuan: Menganalisis daya antibakteri fotodinamik dengan biru toluidin terhadap biofilm Enterococcus faecalis. Metode: Fotodinamik dengan biru toluidin, NaOCl 2,5%, CHX dan kontrol dipaparkan pada biofilm E.faecalis. Jumlah E.faecalis yang hidup dilihat dengan menggunakan Real-time PCR. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna diantara bahan uji dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara biru toluidin dengan sinar dan NaOCl 2,5%. Kesimpulan: Fotodinamik dengan biru toluidin mempunyai daya antibakteri terhadap E.faecalis.

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Background: E.faecalis is known as a persistent bacteria in root canal after endodontic treatment. A new antibacterial agent was introduced to be effective againts E.faecalis biofilm.

Aim: To analyze antibacterial efficacy of photodynamic using toluidine blue againts E. faecalis biofilm.

Methods: Photodynamic using toluidine blue, naocl 2.5%, chx and control groups were exposed to e faecalis biofilm. The number of viable E. faecalis was determined by using real-time PCR.

Result: There were significant differences statistically between all antibacterial groups tested and control groups. But there was no significant differences statistically between photodynamic group and NaOCl 2,5%, CHX 2% group.

Conclusion: Photodynamic using toluidine blue was effective againts E. faecalis biofilm."

"Terapi fotodinamik yang dimediasi asam aminolevulinat (ALA-PDT) merupakan salah satu terapi kanker yang efektif dan minim efek samping. Terapi ini menggunakan ALA untuk mendorong akumulasi selektif protoporfirin IX (PpIX) yang dapat memicu pembentukan spesi oksigen reaktif toksik di dalam sel kanker. Namun, efektivitas ALA-PDT dapat dihambat oleh kerja transporter ABCG2 dan ABCB1 yang menghalangi akumulasi PpIX. Hemin berpotensi menjadi zat kombinasi untuk meningkatkan efektivitas ALA-PDT karena memiliki sifat antitumor dan dapat memengaruhi ekspresi DKK1 sebagai inhibitor jalur Wnt/β-catenin, jalur yang berkaitan dengan regulasi ABCG2 dan ABCB1. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh pemberian kombinasi hemin dan ALA setelah 48 jam pada sel kanker paru-paru A549 terhadap viabilitas sel, akumulasi PpIX intraseluler, ekspresi gen DKK1, ABCG2, ABCB1, serta ekspresi protein ABCG2 dan ABCB1 menggunakan metode uji MTT, HPLC, RT-qPCR, dan western blotting. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pemberian kombinasi hemin dan ALA yang diikuti fotoiradiasi menurunkan viabilitas sel A549. Akumulasi PpIX intraseluler meningkat setelah perlakuan. Ekspresi gen DKK1 mengalami penurunan, menunjukkan bahwa penurunan viabilitas dan peningkatan akumulasi PpIX tidak melalui penghambatan jalur Wnt/β-catenin oleh DKK1. Ekspresi ABCG2, baik mRNA maupun protein, menurun setelah perlakuan, sedangkan ekspresi ABCB1 meningkat. Hasil tersebut dapat menunjukkan bahwa ABCG2 lebih berperan dibandingkan dengan ABCB1 dalam akumulasi PpIX pada sel A549.

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Aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is an effective cancer treatment with minimal side effects. ALA-PDT utilizes ALA to induce selective accumulation of protoporphyrin IX that can trigger the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species within cancer cells. However, ALA-PDT effectiveness can be hindered by ABCG2 and ABCB1 transporters impeding PpIX accumulation. Hemin is a potential substance to combine with ALA due to its antitumor properties and influence on the DKK1 gene expression as a Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor, regulating ABCG2 and ABCB1. This study analyzed the effects of a combination of hemin and ALA after 48 hours on A549 lung cancer cells regarding cell viability, intracellular PpIX accumulation, DKK1, ABCG2, ABCB1 gene expression, and ABCG2 and ABCB1 protein expression, using MTT assay, HPLC, RT-qPCR, and western blotting. The results indicate that the combination of hemin and ALA followed by photoirradiation decreased the viability of A549 cells. Intracellular PpIX accumulation increased after treatment. The DKK1 gene expression decreased, indicating that the decrease in viability and the increase in PpIX accumulation did not occur through the inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by DKK1. The expression of ABCG2, both mRNA and protein, decreased after treatment, while ABCB1 expression increased. This result suggests that ABCG2 plays a greater role than ABCB1 in PpIX accumulation in A549 cancer cells."

"This book addresses the synthesis of photosensitizers, the main emphasis being on the new methods of synthesis such as microwave, sonochemistry and the use of ionic liquids. It also addresses the photochemistry and photophysics of the photosensitizers alone and in combination with nanoparticles, the use of the photosensitizers in environmental control, safety and medicine. It discusses the common structures of the photosensitizers which are beneficial to these applications."