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"Diabetes mellitus (DM) merupakan gangguan metabolisme yang berhubungan dengan penurunan fungsi memori. GLP-1 berperan pada fungsi memori karena interaksi GLP-1/GLP-1R akan meningkatkan modulasi plastisitas sinaptik. Latihan fisik berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan kadar GLP-1 yang dimediasi oleh IL-6 dalam plasma. Namun, efek latihan fisik pada GLP-1/GLP-1R di hipokampus masih belum jelas. Oleh karena itu, kami menyelidiki pengaruh latihan fisik kontinu dan interval pada fungsi memori melalui GLP-1/GLP-1R dan hubungannya dengan IL-6 hipokampus tikus DM. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental menggunakan tikus Wistar umur 8 minggu, dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok: kontrol normal (KN); kontrol DM (KDM); DM dengan continuous training (DM-CT); dan DM dengan interval training (DM-IT). Tikus DM-CT dan DM-IT dilatih enam kali seminggu selama 6 minggu. Semua tikus melakukan uji forced alternation Y-maze untuk memverifikasi fungsi memori visuo-spasial. Kami menganalisis kadar GLP- 1 dan IL-6 dengan ELISA serta ekspresi GLP-1R dengan RT-PCR. Kami menemukan penurunan fungsi memori visuo-spasial pada tikus DM disertai dengan penurunan GLP-1 dan GLP-1R hipokampus. Latihan fisik dapat mempertahankan fungsi memori visuo-spasial pada tikus DM dikaitkan dengan pemulihan kadar GLP-1 dan ekspresi GLP-1R hipokampus. Kadar GLP-1 dikaitkan dengan kadar IL-6 hipokampus. Terdapat perbedaan respon antara latihan fisik kontinu dan interval pada GLP-1/GLP-1R. Latihan kontinu dapat mempertahankan kadar GLP- 1 dan latihan interval dapat mempertahankan ekspresi GLP-1R hipokampus pada tikus DM. Temuan kami menunjukkan bahwa latihan fisik dapat meningkatkan fungsi memori dengan mempertahankan kadar GLP-1 dan ekspresi GLP-1R hipokampus.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder associated with declining of memory function. GLP-1 has a role on memory function because binding of GLP- 1 and GLP-1R will enhance modulation of synaptic plasticity. Physical exercise has effect in increasing GLP-1 levels mediated by IL-6 in plasma. However, the effect of physical exercise on GLP-1 and GLP-1R in hippocampal is still unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of continuous and interval training on memory function through GLP-1/GLP-1R and its relation to hippocampal IL-6 of DM rats. This was an experimental study using 8-week-old Wistar rats, divided into 4 groups: normal control (Con); DM control (ConDM); DM with continuous training (DM-CT); and DM with interval training (DM-IT). DM-CT and DM-IT rats were trained six times a week for 6 weeks. All rats performed the Y-maze forced alteration test in order to verify spatial memory function. We analyzed GLP-1 and IL-6 level by ELISA and GLP-1R by RT- PCR. We found decreased spatial memory function in DM rats accompanied by decreased hippocampal GLP-1 and GLP-1R. Physical exercise promote memory function in DM rats associated with restoration of hippocampal GLP-1 and GLP-1R level. The GLP-1 level is associated with hippocampal IL-6 level. There is a difference response between continuous and interval training on GLP-1/GLP-1R. Continuous training slightly increase GLP-1 level and interval training can maintain expression of hippocampal GLP-1R in DM rats. Our findings suggest that physical exercise may promote memory function by slightly increase the level of hippocampal GLP-1 and maintaining expression hippocampal GLP-1R."

"Agriculture in Indonesia is still an important sector in the economy, while for several outer provinces it constitutes the most important economic activity. However, there exists a wide discrepant in agricultural development between in particular Java/Ball and the eastern part of Indonesia. This is the very central issue which the author intents to capture the attention of policy makers in the field of agricultural development. The most advanced region for agricultural cultivation is highly concentrated on the island of Java, while in many parts of eastern Indonesia agricultural cultivation is still underdeveloped in terms of number of plant varieties, product quality and productivity. And these backward farmers belong to the poor group in the population. This wide discrepant in agricultural development is being demonstrated through a number of tables and personal observations by the author. Soil condition, climate and inputs do of course determine the volume, quality and kind of output, but know-how about agricultural technologies is no less important, and this is lacking in the Eastern regions. Unfortunately, thus far the central as well as the local governments do not put much attention to regional agricultural development. Therefore the government should change this attitude or rather its negligence about the problem, because through education in agricultural technologies and extension services the farmers in the outer regions could improve their agricultural technical know-how, contribute to regional development and hence their income."

"This text provides readers with the self-management skills necessary to adopt a healthy lifestyle. Pioneering texts in this field, these revisions of Concepts are designed to deliver a comprehensive text and digital program that continues to be at the cutting edge of physical activity and health promotion, empowering students to make positive steps towards developing a lifelong commitment to being active. Building upon the tremendous success of previous editions, these new editions are being thoroughly fine-tuned to ensure that the writing style, examples, and illustrations are not only contemporary, but also accessible"