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Eksperimen dalam menggunakan kembali botol PET sebagai bahan bangunan telah banyak dilakukan, di antaranya adalah kuat tekan botol PET sebagai bata dinding eksterior (Mansour, et.al., 2015); konsumsi energi botol PET sebagai insulasi atap (Racolta, et.al., 2016); kuat tekan dan kuat lentur botol PET sebagai dinding interior (Santana, 2016); dan kuat tekan botol PET sebagai dinding dan slab (Oyinlola, et.al., 2018).

Paper ini membahas mengenai hasil eksperimen dari kuat tekan dan kuat lentur rangkaian botol PET sebagai panel lantai struktural. Rangkaian botol PET akan dieksplorasi dari aspek posisi, pengikat, pola susunan, pengisi, ukuran, dan posisi tumpuan.

Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa rangkaian botol PET lebih baik dibanding posisi, pengikat, dan pengisi lainnya. Kemudian rangkaian botol PET dengan pola dimana lebih banyak botol menghadap bawah memiliki kuat tekan lebih baik sementara rangkaian botol PET dengan pola dimana lebih banyak botol menghadap atas memiliki kuat lentur terbaik dibanding pola susunan lainnya. Sementara itu, semakin kecil ukuran dan semakin banyak penumpu rangkaian botol PET, semakin besar kuat lenturnya.

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There have been many experiments regarding reusing plastic bottles, especially polyethylene (PET) as building materials. Some of them are experimenting about their compressive strength as exterior wall bricks (Mansour, et.al., 2015); their energy consumption as roof insulations (Racolta, et.al., 2016); their compressive and flexural strength as interior wall (Santana, 2016); and their compressive strength as walls and slabs (Oyinlola, et.al., 2018).

This paper discusses the compressive strength and the flexural strength of PET bottles as structural floor panels. The position, binder, pattern, filler, size, and support of the PET bottles panel will be explored in order to reach the optimum combination of compressive and flexural strength.

Experimental result shows that PET bottles panel with upright position, sealant binder and sand filler has better compressive strength and flexural strength compared to other position, binders and fillers. It also shows that the panels with more bottles face downwards have better compressive strength than other patterns, while panels with more bottles face upwards have better flexural strength than other patterns. On the other hand, the panel with smaller size and higher amount of support shows better flexural strength.

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"Fluida yang terdispersi partikel grafena banyak diteliti karena grafena memiliki konduktivitas termal yang sangat tinggi (±5000 W/mK). Namun grafena memiliki kelemahan berupa sintesisnya yang sulit dan buruknya tingkat dispersitas dalam air. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini digunakan partikel reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) yang memiliki struktur seperti grafena, tetapi tingkat dispersinya lebih baik dan sintesisnya tidak sesulit grafena. Dalam fluida juga ditambahkan surfaktan Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) dan Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), untuk meningkatkan tingkat kestabilan rGO, sehingga peristiwa aglomerasi dapat dihindari. Proses sintesis rGO dimulai dari oksidasi grafit menjadi Graphene Oxide (GO) menggunakan metode Hummers termodifikasi. Lalu GO direduksi menjadi rGO menggunakan reduktor kimia hidrazine. Setelah itu, partikel dikarakterisasi menggunakan Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), dan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), untuk memastikan struktur rGO berhasil didapatkan. Kemudian partikel rGO dengan variabel konsentrasi 0.01, 0.03, 0.05% Wt, serta surfaktan SDBS dan PEG sebanyak 10% Wt didispersikan dalam 100 ml akuades menggunakan proses ultrasonifikasi selama 3 jam. Fluida terdispersi partikel mikro rGO kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan pengujian Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) dan Potensial Zeta untuk mengetahui distribusi ukuran dan tingkat kestabilannya. Nilai konduktivitas termal fluida terdispersi partikel mikro rGO dihipotesis melalui perbandingan berbagai literatur dan analisis pengujian yang telah dilakukan. Hasilnya, penambahan rGO dengan konsentrasi 0.01, 0.03, dan 0.05% Wt akan menghasilkan fluida dengan stabilitas yang cukup baik, karena adanya gugus oksigen yang tersisa pada rGO. Komposisi penambahan optimum untuk meningkatkan nilai konduktivitas termalnya adalah 0.05% Wt. Penambahan surfaktan sebanyak 10% Wt meningkatkan stabilitas fluida, dibuktikan melalui meningkatnya nilai potensial zeta. Walaupun penambahan PEG menurunkan potensial zeta, stabilitas fluida meningkat melalui fenomena steric hinderance. Penambahan surfaktan sebanyak 10% Wt akan menurunkan konduktivitas termal fluida karena meningkatkan viskositas dan resistansi termalnya, serta surfaktan sendiri memiliki konduktivitas termal yang buruk. Dibandingkan surfaktan jenis non-ionik, surfaktan jenis anionik seperti SDBS lebih cocok untuk mendispersikan rGO dan dapat meningkatkan konduktivitas termal fluida pada komposisi penambahan yang tepat.

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Fluids that were dispersed by graphene particles have been widely studied since graphene has very high thermal conductivity (5000 W/mK). However, graphene has disadvantages such as its difficulty to be synthesized and has poor level of dispersity in the water. Therefore, in this study, the use of reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) particles will be explored. rGO has similar structure as graphene, but it has better dispersity in water and its method of synthesis is not as difficult as graphene. Furthermore, the addition of Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) will be studied, to further increase the stability of rGO in water, so that the agglomeration can be avoided. Graphite was oxidized into Graphene Oxide (GO) using modified Hummers method. Then GO was reduced to rGO using hydrazine as the reducing agent. After that, rGO particles were characterized using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), to ensure the structure of rGO was obtained. Afterwards, rGO particles with concentration variable of 0.01, 0.03, 0.05% Wt and 10% Wt of SDBS or PEG were dispersed in 100 ml of distilled water, using ultrasonication process for 3 hours. rGO-dispersed Fluids then characterized using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and Zeta Potential measurement to determine its size distribution and rGO stability in water. The value of rGO-dispersed fluids thermal conductivity will be hypothesized through the comparison of various literature. As a result, the addition of 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05 %Wt rGO would produce fluids with good stability, due to the presence of oxygen functional groups that remain in the rGO structure. The optimum concentration of rGO to enhance the value of fluids thermal conductivity is 0.05 %Wt. The addition of surfactants as much as 10 %Wt increase the stability of rGO-dispersed fluids, which showed through the increased value of zeta potential. Although the addition of PEG decreased zeta potential, the rGO-dispersed fluids stability was increased through the phenomenon of steric hinderance. The addition of surfactants as much as 10 %Wt will decrease the rGO-dispersed fluids thermal conductivity, since it increases the viscosity and thermal resistance, as well as the surfactant itself has poor thermal conductivity. Compared with non-ionic type surfactant, anionic type surfactants, especially SDBS, is more suitable for dispersing rGO in water. However, it could only improve rGO-dispersed fluids thermal conductivity if the addition of surfactants is optimum and appropriate.