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"Induksi poliploidi pada bibit Phalaenopsis amabilis telah dilakukan menggunakan kolkisin secara in vivo. Induksi poliploidi dilakukan dengan meneteskan kolkisin pada pucuk bibit P. amabilis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi kolkisin yang efektif untuk induksi poliploidi bibit P. amabilis dan menghasilkan bibit P. amabilis poliploid. Percobaan disusun dalam rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak dengan satu faktor, yaitu konsentrasi kolkisin. Pucuk bibit P. amabilis ditetesi 0,01 ml kolkisin (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, dan 5000 mg L-1 ). Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi kolkisin dari 1000 sampai 5000 mg L -1 tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap persentase hidup dan pertumbuhan bibit pada 24 minggu setelah perlakuan (24 MSP). Bibit P. amabilis poliploid dapat dihasilkan pada penetesan kolkisin 1000, 3000, 4000, dan 5000 mg L -1 dengan konsentrasi kolkisin paling efektif adalah 5000 mg L -1 . Bibit poliploid memiliki ukuran stomata lebih besar dari bibit diploid sebaliknya kerapatan stomatanya lebih rendah.

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ABSTRACTPolyploid induction on the seedlings of Phalaenopsis amabilis has been done using colchicine under in vivo condition. Polyploid were induced by dripping colchicine to the shoot tip of P. amabilis seedlings. The objective of this study was to obtain an effective concentration of colchicine to induce polyploidy in P. amabilis seedlings and to produce polyploid seedlings. Experiment was arranged in randomize completely block design with one factor, the colchicine concentration. Seedlings of P. amabilis were dripped with 0,01 ml of colchicine solutions (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 mg L-1 ). Results of the experiment showed that increasing colchicine concentration from 1000 to 5000 mg L-1 did not give significant effect to the survival and the growth of the seedlings which were observed at 24 weeks after treatment (WAT). Polyploid seedlings of P. amabilis could be produced by dripping colchicine at the concentration of 1000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 mg L -1 but the most effective concentration was 5000 mg L-1. Polyploid seedlings of P. amabilis have larger size with the lower density of stomata compared with their diploid counterparts."

"This book brings together for the first time the conceptual and theoretical underpinnings of polyploid genome evolution with syntheses of the patterns and processes of genome evolution in diverse polyploid groups. Because polyploidy is most common and best studied in plants, the book emphasizes plant models, but recent studies of vertebrates and fungi are providing fresh perspectives on factors that allow polyploid speciation and shape polyploid genomes. The emerging paradigm is that polyploidy, through alterations in genome structure and gene regulation, generates genetic and phenotypic novelty that manifests itself at the chromosomal, physiological, and organismal levels, with long-term ecological and evolutionary consequences."

"Gandum dipilih sebagai objek penelitian sitogenetika karena memiliki ukuran kromosom yang besar dan mudah diperoleh. Metode preparasi kromosom umumnya menggunakan larutan kolkisin dan pewarna aseto-orcein yang bersifat toksik serta mencemari lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh berbagai konsentrasi larutan bawang (0,01%, 0,05%, dan 0,1%) terhadap struktur kromosom, indeks mitosis, dan indeks metafase pada akar gandum serta membandingkan intensitas pewarnaan kromosom menggunakan kayu secang dengan penambahan atau tanpa mordan terhadap pewarna sintetis aseto-orcein. Larutan dari bawang bombai, bawang merah, bawang putih, dan bawang dayak dibuat dengan cara melarutkan serbuk bawang ke dalam air hingga mencapai konsentrasi 0,01%, 0,05%, dan 0,1%. Sementara itu, larutan pewarna dari kayu secang dibuat dengan melarutkan serbuk kayu secang ke dalam asam asetat 45% dan etanol absolut lalu dibedakan berdasarkan perlakuan penambahan mordan atau tanpa penambahan mordan. Metode squash digunakan untuk mengamati kromosom pada akar gandum setelah diberikan perlakuan larutan bawang maupun pewarna kayu secang. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan kualitatif, ketiga konsentrasi larutan bawang menunjukkan tanda kerusakan pada struktur kromosom seperti struktur yang terfragmentasi, clustering, telomer bercabang. Hasil uji kuantitatif berupa ANOVA satu arah memperlihatkan bahwa keempat jenis bawang menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan terhadap indeks mitosis sedangkan uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan perbedaan tidak signifikan terhadap indeks metafase dibandingkan dengan larutan kolkisin 0,01%. Hasil pengamatan kualitatif dan uji kuantitatif menunjukkan bahwa keempat larutan bawang tidak dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pengganti kolkisin untuk preparasi kromosom gandum. Di sisi lain, pewarna alami dari kayu secang terutama dengan penambahan mordan berhasil mewarnai kromosom dengan intensitas yang relatif baik tanpa mengganggu struktur kromosom.

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Wheat was chosen as the object of cytogenetic research because it has a large chromosome size and is readily available. Chromosome preparation methods generally use colchicine solution and aceto-orcein dye, which are toxic and pollute the environment. This study aims to examine the effect of various concentrations of onion solution (0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1%) on chromosome structure, mitotic index, and metaphase index in wheat roots and compare the intensity of chromosome staining using sappan wood with the addition or without mordant against synthetic dye aceto-orcein. Solutions of onion, shallot, garlic, and dayak onion were made by dissolving onion powder in water to reach concentrations of 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1%. Meanwhile, the dye solution from sappan wood was made by dissolving sappan wood powder in 45% acetic acid and absolute ethanol and then differentiated based on the treatment of adding mordant or without mordant. The squash method observed chromosomes in wheat roots after being treated with onion solutions and sappan wood dyes. Based on qualitative observations, the three concentrations of onion solution showed signs of damage to the chromosome structure, such as fragmented structures, clustering, and branched telomeres. Quantitative test results in one-way ANOVA showed that the four types of onions showed significant differences in mitotic index. In contrast, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed insignificant differences in metaphase index compared with 0.01% colchicine solution. The results of qualitative observations and quantitative tests indicate that the four onion solutions cannot be used as an alternative to colchicine for wheat chromosome preparation. On the other hand, the natural dye from sappan wood especially with the addition of mordant, succeeded in coloring the chromosomes with relatively good intensity without disturbing the chromosome structure. "