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Abstrak :
Hasil-hasil investigasi epidemiologi akan sangat membantu para dokter hewan untukmemperoleh informasi dalam penanganan suatu penyakit. Demikian pula investigasi epidemiologi pada manajemen orangutan di Kebun Binatang Ragunan, akan sangat bermanfaat memberikan informasi dan data di dalam menyelenggarakan pengelolaan orangutan di Kebun Binatang Ragunan. Data tingkah laku orangutan di dalam kandang, sistem perkandangan, mutu dan jumlah pakan yang diberikan, catatan tentang status kesehatan, uji tuberkulinasi, hematologi normal, elektrokardiogram normal, kimia klinik normal, prosedur kontrasepsi, kesemuanya ini bisa dipakai di dalam pengelolaan kesehatan orangutan di Kebun Binatang Ragunan. Populasi orangutan kalimantan di alam makin lama makin menurun, antara lain disebabkan oleh perburuan liar. Oleh karena itu bagaimanapun juga usaha reintroduksi harus dilakukan secara berkesinambungan pula. Untuk tujuan itu diperlukan generasi orangutan yang memenuhi sarat untuk di reintroduksikan ke alam. Jadi Kebun Binatang harus mampu menghasilkan generasi orangutan yang sehat, tidak berpenyakit menular, tidak mengidap endoparasit, ektoparasit, serta tetap memiliki sifat-sifat alaminya. Orangutan termasuk anggota kera besar yang mempunyai kantung udara luas dan berkelok-kelok, sehingga memudahkan terjadinya infeksi yang bersifat kronis. Pada umumnya radang kantong udara pada orangutan kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Surabaya dart Kebun Binatang di Luar Negeri kesemuanya bersifat kronis. Dan eksudatnya dapat diisolasi bakteria Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Proteus vulganis, Escherechia coll. Bakteri-bakteri ini pada umurnnya bukan patogen juga terhadap manusia, tetapi pada isolasi kuman dari eksudat radang kantong udara pada orangutan jantan di Kebun Binatang Ragunan juga ditemukan bakteri Streptococcus pneumoniae yang sangat patogen terhadap manusia, satwa liar, hewan ternak dan hewan kesayangan. Bahkan Streptococcus pneumoniae ini bisa menular dari satwa kepada manusia yang disebut zoonosis dan dari manusia ke satwa yang disebut anthropozoonosis. Radang kantong udara pada orangutan Kalimantan di Kebun Binatang Ragunan dan Kebun Binatang Surabaya ini, baru pertama kali dilaporkan di Indonesia. Ditemukannya bakteri Streptococcus pneumoniae di eksudat radang kantong udara pada orangutan di Kebun Binatang Ragunan juga baru pertama kali dilaporkan. ...... Kalimantan orangutan ( Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, Hoppius, 1763) is member of the great ape group which is endemic in Kalimantan island of Indonesia. Its fur color is reddish, dark or light brown. The fur is quite long and dense, especially at the shoulders and arms. Its head rump length (HRL) is approximately 1.25 - 1.5 meters (exceptionally, the HRL might reach 1.8 meters). The average body weight of the female is about 40 kg and of the male is about 75 - 100 kg. The orangutans is highly adapted to an arboreal mode of life, therefore it is considered as the true arboreal member of the great ape group. It explores the jungle of Kalimantan by swinging from branch to another branch of the tree. Its swinging movement is supported by its arms, which are longer and stronger than the arms of the other great apes. Its arms spread is about 2.25 meters. Most of the males have large cheek flanges which consist of fibrous tissue, at the side of the face. The width and length of the cheek flanges mature male is about 10 centimeters and 20 centimeters respectively. It also has a throat sac, which is called "air sac". The sac is extremely developed and can take in several litters of air. Due to the drastic decrease of its in situ population, caused by illegal hunting and other reasons, the orangutan has been considered as an endangered species (IUCN - Appendix I) and its existence has been strictly protected by law (Fauna Protection Ordinance, 1931 - Stbl 134 and 226). Recently, reintroduction program has been considered as an effective approach to conserve the orangutan population in its in situ habitat. This program begins with the breeding program of the orangutan in the captive environment which is a simulated environment of its native habitat. The goal of captive breeding program is to bear the offspring of the orangutan which will be reintroduced to its native habitat later on, in healthy condition, free from infectious deseases, endo and ecto parasites and still bears its natural behavior. The Zoological Park would be the right institution to conduct the program. The captive (ex situ) breeding program of the orangutan has been being conducted by the Ragunan Zoological Park in Jakarta to study epidemiological, behavior, and other biological aspects of the orangutan in order to support the reintroduction program. Specifically, the study has examined and or investigated the medical records, feed and nutrition, behavior, tuberculin test, contraceptive procedure, normal electrocardiogram, normal hematology, clinical chemistry, caging contruction and management (include sanitation), preventive and curative disease treatment and raising procedure. The medical data, which has been collected for five years, indicated that the orangutan raised in the open cages was healthier than the one raised in the close cages. It was observed that the former group was rarely infected by any diseases. The investment of the open cage was more expensive than the close cage during construction period, but relatively very small cost was needed for maintenance in the long run. The air sacullitis case among the orangutan in Kalimantan has never been reported. This disease is a chronic disease. However, the case was reported among the orangutan raised in the foreign countries. It was reported that the case was caused by the Pseudomonas sp, Proteus sp and by Ischerechia call. These bacteria are not pathogen. The examination of air saculitis exudate derived from the orangutan raised in the Ragunan Zoo, has been sucsesful in isolating the Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacteria is pathogen and anthropozoonosis to human and to other wild or domesticated animals.

Abstrak :
Mentawaians sing ritual songs enshrined in archaic texts referring to particular primates and birds, while ritual and traditional dances imitate how gibbons, sea eagles, and other animals live in the natural world. Mentawaians craft sculptures of endemic primates and unique birds. The bilou gibbon ape and various other animals also symbolize specific sacred knowledge within the sabulungan spiritual belief system and traditional cosmology of Mentawai society. Although some do succeed in surviving, many older traditions have faded away. Among the traditions which continue intact, this report aims to examine the roles of primates and birds across the arts and in the Mentawai belief system to reveal the profound depth of connection between humanity and the natural world throughout Mentawai traditional culture.

Abstrak :
In this volume, leading field workers report on the history and infrastructure of their projects in Madagascar, Africa, Asia and South America. More importantly, they provide summaries of their long-term research efforts on primate behaviour, ecology and life history, highlighting insights that were only possible because of the long-term nature of the study. The chapters of this volume collectively outline the many scientific reasons for studying primate behaviour, ecology and demography over multiple generations.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian pada kukang sumatra (Nycticebus coucang) di Penangkaran Pusat Studi Satwa Primata IPB. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku reproduksi N. coucang dan mengetahui kadar hormon metabolit Estrone Conjugate (E1C) N. coucang di penangkaran. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari dua individu N. coucang betina dewasa. Penelitian meliputi pengamatan aktivitas malam hari (nokturnal) pada pukul 17.00?05.00 (GMT +7) dengan metode Focal Animal Sampling dengan interval 10 menit tanpa jeda selama 1300 menit dalam tiga bulan, serta pengukuran kadar hormon metabolit E1C feses dengan metode ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunoasorbent Assay) menggunakan Estrone Enzyme Immunoassay kit. Konsentrasi hormon metabolit E1C didapatkan melalui konversi nilai OD terhadap kurva standar y = -0,046ln(x) + 0,3088. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perilaku reproduksi pada N. coucang dengan persentase rerata 1%. Perilaku reproduksi yang teramati meliputi genital licking dan genital sniffing. Konsentrasi hormon metabolit E1C dengan konsentrasi tertinggi terdapat pada K5 tanggal 30 September 2015 (1634,73 ± 400,18 pg/ml) dan terendah terdapat pada K2 tanggal 11 Oktober 2015 (5,75 ± 555,82 pg/ml). Panjang siklus estrus berkisar antara 10-12 hari. ......Research on female Nycticebus coucang had conducted in Primate Research Center, Bogor. The purpose of this research is to examine the reproductive behavior and measure estrone conjugate (E1C) level in captive housed female N. coucang. Subject consists of two sexually adult N. coucang. Behavioral observation during the night (nocturnal) had been done at 17.00?05.00 (GMT +7) through Focal Animal Sampling with 10 minutes interval without pause for 1300 minutes in three months. E1C level had been done with the competitive-ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) method. E1C level was obtained through the conversion of OD value with standard curve y = -0,046 ln(x) + 0,3088. Results showed that the average percentage of reproductive behavior on N.coucang is 1%. Reproductive behavior observed were genital licking and genital sniffing. The highest E1C level was on K5?s September 30th 2015 (1634,73 ± 400,18 pg/ml) and the lowest was on K2?s October 11th 2015 (5,75 ± 555,82 pg/ml). The length of estrus cycle was ranged in 10-12 days.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian terhadap perilaku sosial dan reproduksi bekantan Nasalis larvatus Wurmb, 1781 di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi interaksi sosial bekantan jantan dengan bekantan betina dalam kelompok, mengevaluasi interaksi sosial apa saja yang terjadi antarbekantan betina, serta mengevaluasi perilaku reproduksi pada bekantan jantan dan betina. Metode yang digunakan yaitu scan sampling dan ad libitum dengan interval waktu 5 lima menit tanpa jeda. Waktu pengamatan dalam satu hari yaitu selama 6 jam 30 menit dan dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari-April 2017. Subjek pengamatan yaitu satu kelompok bekantan yang terdiri dari satu jantan J dan dua betina B1 dan B2 . Interaksi sosial yang terjadi menunjukkan rendahnya perilaku agresi dan tingginya perilaku afiliatif. Perilaku reproduksi antara J dengan B2 ditemukan lebih tinggi dibanding antara J dengan B1. Berdasarkan uji t yang dilakukan pada ? =0,05, frekuensi perilaku reproduksi antara kedua pasangan berbeda secara signifikan dengan nilai P = 0,18. Frekuensi vokalisasi tertinggi dilakukan oleh J yang didominasi oleh vokalisasi bernada rendah, sedangkan vokalisasi yang dilakukan betina cenderung bernada tinggi. Perilaku branch shake dan threat yang ditujukan untuk objek selain bekantan lebih sering dilakukan oleh jantan daripada betina. Selama pengamatan subjek jarang terlihat memanfaatkan kolam dan ditemukan pula beberapa perilaku yang diduga stereotipe. ...... The research about social and reproductive behaviour of proboscis monkey Nasalis larvatus Wurmb, 1781 in Taman Margasatwa Ragunan has been done. The purposes of the research are to evaluate the social interactions between male and females in the group, to evaluate kind of interactions that happened between the females, and to evaluate the reproduction behaviours between male and females. The methods that are used are scan sampling and ad libitum with 5 five minutes interval without pause. The time of observation in one day is 6 hours and 30 minutes long and was done on February April 2017. The subject of the research is one group of proboscis monkey consists of one male J and two females B1 and B2. The social interactions that happened shows aggression behaviours are lower than affiliative behaviours. The reproduction behaviours between J and B2 are found higher than in J and B1. Based on the t test that has been done in 0,05, the frequencies of the reproduction behaviours in these two couples is significantly different with P value 0,18. The highest frequency of vocalization is done by J with low tone vocalization domination, while the vocalization by females tend to be in high tone. The branch shake and threat behaviours that are shown to other objects besides proboscis monkey are more frequently done by male rather than female. During observation, subjects are rarely seen to use the pond and some behaviours that expected as stereotype are found.