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"Skripsi ini membahas perancangan dan manufaktur dari sistem penggerak yang diaplikasikan kepada stairlift. Penelitian ini diawali dengan pemilihan jenis dan spesifikasi motor yang digunakan, jenis dan spesifikasi baterai yang digunakan,jenis perancangan sistem jalur, serta spesifikasi dan jalur rangkaian kelistrikan yang akan digunakan. Hasil penelitian ini adalah stairlift rancangan penulis menggunakan motor PMDC dengan spesifikasi 24 Volt, 350 Watt, 2,04 Nm. Untuk baterai yang digunakan, didapat baterai Ion Lithium dengan spesifikasi 24 Volt, 20 A, 10 Ah. Untuk sistem jalur penggerak, ditentukan bahwa stairlift akan menggunakan sistem rantai dimana rantai akan menempel pada sprocket dengan menjadikan rantai sebagai rel dan sprocket menjadi penggerak yang bergerak pada rel rantai. Sistem penggerak yang telah dirancang dan dibuat sudah bekerja sesuai dengan standardisasi ASME A18.1 dimana antara lain sudut kemiringan, bobot maksimal, dan kecepatan maksimal, namun masih dapat dioptimalkan agar keamanan dan aksesibilitas pengguna dapat ditingkatkan.

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This thesis discusses the design and manufacture of propulsion systems that are applied to stairlifts. This research begins with selecting the type and specification of the motor used, the type and specification of the battery used, the type of line system design, as well as the specifications and path of the electrical circuit to be used. The results of this study are the stairlift designed by the author using a PMDC motor with specifications of 24 Volt, 350 Watt, 2.04 Nm. For the battery used, a Lithium-ion battery is obtained with specifications of 24 Volt, 20 A, 10 Ah. For the drive line system, it is determined that the stairlift will use a chain system where the chain will attach to the sprocket by making the chain a rail and the sprocket being the drive that moves on the chain rail. The drive system that has been designed and made already works in accordance with the provisions of ASME A18.1 including inclining angle, maximum weight and maximum speed, but can still be optimized so that user security and accessibility can be improved."

"Penelitian ini berfokus pada analisis pemilihan mesin dan propeler untuk sistem propulsi pesawat LSU-05 NG dengan melakukan kalkulasi kebutuhan daya dorong pesawat. Kebutuhan daya dorong dievaluasi pada dua kondisi pembebanan yaitu pembebanan berat (heavy loading) dengan memperhatikan kecepatan take-off minimum dan pembebanan ringan (light loading) dengan memperhatikan kecepatan terbang jelajah (cruise) maksimum. Selanjutnya dari lima rekomendasi mesin yang tersedia, dilakukan analisa efisiensi putaran propeler, gaya dorong yang dihasilkan, serta berat mesin yang memenuhi syarat DRO (Design Requirment and Objective) pesawat. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi penggunaan mesin yang memiliki daya minimal 16.5 hp dengan kandidat utama mesin DLE 170 dan propeler ukuran 32x10 sebagai sistem propulsi LSU-05 NG."

"Powered flight : the engineering of aerospace propulsion aims to provide a broader context, allowing observations and comparisons to be made across systems that are overlooked by focusing on a single aspect alone. The physics and history of aerospace propulsion are built on step-by-step, coupled with the development of an appreciation for the mathematics involved in the science and engineering of propulsion. Powered flight : the engineering of aerospace propulsion covers its subject matter both theoretically and with an awareness of the practicalities of the industry. To ensure that the content is clear, representative but also interesting the text is complimented by a range of relevant graphs and photographs including representative engineering, in addition to several propeller performance charts."

"Sistem propulsi merupakan salah satu komponen utama dalam perancangan sebuah kapal. Kapal rescue merupakan kapal yang membutuhkan kecepatan tinggi dan olah gerak yang baik dalam operasionalnya sehingga pemilihan jumlah mesin dan propeller sangat berpengaruh terhadap performa kapal. Kapal ndash; kapal cepat pada umumnya menggunakan sistem propulsi bermesin ganda untuk dapat memperoleh kecepatan tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis sistem propulsi twin screw pada kapal rescue basarnas tipe 40 meter baik dari segi teknis maupun segi ekonomis tanpa mengubah bentuk lambung kapal. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa mesin yang diperlukan untuk mencapai kecepatan kapal yang diinginkan adalah mesin dengan spesifikasi 2159 HP, 1610 kW, 1800 RPM dan propeller yang digunakan adalah propeller dengan 4 daun, diameter sebesar 1345,23 mm, pitch sebesar 1506,66 mm, pitch ratio sebesar 1,12, expanded area ratio sebesar 1,117 dan berat sebesar 265,4 kg. Secara ekonomis ditinjau dari konsumsi bahan bakar sistem propulsi twin screw memiliki efisiensi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan sistem propulsi triple screw.

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Propulsion system is one of the main components in a ship designing process. Rescue boat is a ship that needs to have high speed and good maneuverability, therefore the main engine and propeller chosen for the ship is very influential to the ship's performance. High speed craft usually uses more than one engine to achieve high speed. The purpose of this research is to analyse the twin screw propulsion system for the Indonesian National Search and Rescue ship technically and economically without any changes in ship rsquo s hull. The results obtained shows that the engine required to achieve the desired velocity is two engines with specification of 2159 HP, 1610 kW, 1800 RPM and the propeller used is a 4 bladed propeller with diameter of 1345.23 mm, pitch of 1506.66 mm, pitch ratio of 1.12, expanded area ratio of 1.117, and approximate weight of 265.4 kg. Economically, reviewed from the fuel consumption, twin screw propulsion system is proven to be more efficient than triple screw propulsion system."

"ABSTRAKProyek pengembangan lapangan LNG di tanah air kedepan akan didominasi oleh pembeli utama dari dalam negeri, sehingga tambahan kapal-kapal tanker LNG baru yang efisien dibutuhkan untuk rute domestik di masa mendatang. Secara teoritis sistem propulsi DFSM atau steam memiliki efisiensi termal yang rendah, namun lebih andal dibandingkan dengan sistem propulsi DFDE. Disisi lain sistem propulsi DFDE memiliki kekurangan pada teknologinya yaitu dengan adanya slip metana yang berpotensi sebagai penyebab pemanasan global dengan global warming potential GWP 20-25 kali lebih besar dari pada CO2 dalam periode 100 tahun atau 20 kali pada interval 20 tahun Kirk, 2008 , sehingga secara aktual mengurangi raihan efisiensi energi sistem propulsi tersebut.Dalam tesis ini, dua sistem propulsi kapal tanker LNG yaitu Dual Fuel Steam Mechanical DFSM dan Dual Fuel Diesel Electric DFDE yang saat ini paling banyak digunakan oleh operator di dalam negeri akan dibandingkan secara teknis dan ekonomis. Secara teknis, garis pedoman IMO tentang Energy Efficency Design Index EEDI dan Energy Efficiency Operational Index EEOI akan digunakan sebagai alat pembanding, sedangkan dari sisi ekonomis akan dilakukan analisa biaya daur hidup LCC berbasis biaya CAPEX dan OPEX kapal.Berdasarkan evaluasi teknis menggunakan garis pedoman EEDI dan EEOI tanker LNG dengan mempertimbangkan adanya slip metana pada sistem propulsi DFDE, didapatkan hasil bahwa nilai pencapaian EEDI dan EEOI pada sistem propulsi DFSM lebih rendah efisien dibandingkan dengan nilai pencapaian sistem propulsi DFDE dan evaluasi keekonomian berdasarkan biaya daur hidup LCC tanker LNG selama 20 tahun dengan mempertimbangkan risiko-risiko rugi dan penalti pengangkutan LNG yang mungkin terjadi akibat adanya kegagalan sistem propulsi dan sistem BOG, menunjukkan hasil sistem propulsi DFSM lebih efisien dibandingkan dengan sistem DFDE.

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ABSTRACTFuture LNG field development projects in the country will be dominated by major domestic buyers, so additional new efficient LNG tankers are needed for domestic routes in the future. Theoretically DFSM or steam propulsion systems have low thermal efficiency, but are more reliable than DFDE propulsion systems. On the other hand the DFDE propulsion system has its technological deficiencies with the presence of a methane slip that has the potential to cause global warming potential with global warming potential GWP 20 25 times greater than CO2 in 100 years or 20 times at 20 years interval Kirk, 2008 , thereby actually reducing the energy efficiency of the propulsion system.In this thesis, two LNG tank propulsion systems that are Dual Fuel Steam Mechanical DFSM and Dual Fuel Diesel Electric DFDE which is currently the most widely used by operators in the country will be compared technically and economically. Technically, the IMO guidelines on the Energy Efficiency Design Index EEDI and the Energy Efficiency Operational Index EEOI will be used as a benchmark, while from the economic side life cycle cost analysis LCC performed based on CAPEX and OPEX ship costs.Based on a technical evaluation using EEDI and EEOI LNG tanker guidelines considering the presence of methane slip on the DFDE propulsion system, it was found that the EEDI and EEOI attainment values on the DFSM propulsion system were lower efficient than the achievement of the DFDE propulsion system and cost based economic evaluation LCC LNG tanker for 20 years taking into consideration LNG loss and LNG carrier penalties that may occur due to the failure of propulsion system and BOG system, shows the result of DFSM propulsion system is more efficient than DFDE system."

"The aim of the paper is to describe the influences of conventional and azimuthing podded propulsion on passenger ferry maneuvering, particularly turning circle and zig-zag maneuvers. The MATLAB-simulink program was used to simulate the turning circle and the zig-zag maneuvers. The program was developed based on the mathematical model for ferry maneuvering. The model involved the setting-up of a 4-DOF in a modular of the Mathematical Modelling Group (MMG) of the hull, propellers-rudder or pod system. The simulation includes separating components of the hull equations, propeller-rudder or pod systems as well as the interaction between them. The results indicated that the azimuthing podded propulsion has an advantage for turning circle performance, meanwhile conventional propulsion is beneficial for zig-zag maneuvers. The 1st and 2nd overshoot times of conventional propulsion of the sea trial are higher than the simulation; but the turning cirles of the sea trial are lower."

"Kendaraan listrik merupakan solusi transportasi ramah lingkungan yang berpotensi mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap bahan bakar fosil. Meningkatnya popularitas kendaraan listrik sebagai alternatif transportasi berkelanjutan, memunculkan berbagai tantangan terkait pengoptimalan performa kendaraan tersebut. Untuk mengatasi tantangan-tantangan ini, diperlukan adanya pengoptimalan pada berbagai aspek seperti sistem penyimpanan energi, sistem pengisian, sistem penggerak, dan lainnya. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi kinerja motor BLDC sebagai sistem penggerak melalui pengujian dengan variasi arus dan beban motor. Pengujian bertujuan untuk mengamati pengaruh arus dan beban motor terhadap karakteristik waktu, tegangan, arus, suhu, torsi, dan rpm motor BLDC. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga meninjau dampak penambahan superkapasitor pada sistem propulsi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variasi arus dan beban motor secara signifikan memengaruhi karakteristik performa motor BLDC. Penambahan superkapasitor pada sistem propulsi terbukti meningkatkan stabilitas kinerja motor di setiap variasi pembebanan. Analisis data menunjukkan peningkatan torsi dan rpm yang lebih stabil, serta pengurangan suhu operasional, yang secara keseluruhan meningkatkan keandalan sistem penggerak kendaraan listrik.

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Electric vehicles are an environmentally friendly transportation solution that has the potential to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The growing popularity of electric vehicles as a sustainable transportation alternative presents various challenges related to optimizing vehicle performance. To address these challenges, optimization is required in various aspects such as energy storage systems, charging systems, drive systems, and others. This study evaluates the performance of a BLDC motor as a drive system through testing with variations in motor current and load. The testing aims to observe the effect of motor current and load on the characteristics of time, voltage, current, temperature, torque, and RPM of the BLDC motor. Additionally, this study examines the impact of adding a supercapacitor to the propulsion system.

The results of the study show that variations in motor current and load significantly affect the performance characteristics of the BLDC motor. The addition of a supercapacitor to the propulsion system has been proven to improve motor performance stability under various load conditions. Data analysis indicates an increase in torque and more stable RPM, as well as a reduction in operational temperature, which overall enhances the reliability of the electric vehicle's drive system."

"Kenaikan harga BBM membuat biaya operasional kapal menjadi semakin tidak terjangkau merupakan akar masalah dari kemiskinan yang dialami oleh nelayan kecil. Hal ini mengindikasikan perlunya solusi untuk mengurangi ketergantungan pada BBM. Energi listrik sebagai alternatif memiliki potensi karena lebih murah dan ramah lingkungan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian kapal ikan untuk mengevaluasi dan mengoptimasi performa sistem propulsi dengan mengatur putaran BLDC Motor dan memilih sistem transmisi untuk performa kapal yang optimal.Dua tahap pengujian dilakukan: tahap pra optimasi menggunakan transmisi gearbox dan pulley belt dengan rasio 1:7,07, dan tahap pasca optimasi menggunakan transmisi pulley belt dengan rasio 1:1,6. Analisis data berfokus pada hubungan kecepatan putaran motor listrik dengan arus, daya dan kecepatan kapal menunjukkan peningkatan performa sistem propulsi kapal secara keseluruhan. Optimasi performa sistem propulsi telah berhasil dilakukan ditandai dengan meningkatnya kecepatan maksimum kapal, dari pengujian tahap pra optimasi yaitu 3,24 knot pada 3487,57 RPM, menjadi 4,14 knot pada 715,96 RPM saat pengujian pasca optimasi, sehingga parameter kecepatan kapal telah tercapai.

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The increase in fuel prices, making the operational costs of ships increasingly unaffordable, is the root cause of the poverty experienced by small-scale fishermen. This indicates the need for solutions to reduce dependence on fuel. Electric energy as an alternative has potential because it is cheaper and environmentally friendly. In this study, tests were conducted on fishing vessels to evaluate and optimize the performance of the propulsion system by regulating the rotation of the BLDC motor and selecting the transmission system for optimal vessel performance. Two stages of testing were conducted: the pre-optimization stage using gearbox and pulley belt transmission with a ratio of 1:7.07, and the post-optimization stage using pulley belt transmission with a ratio of 1:1.6. Data analysis focused on the relationship between the speed of the electric motor, current, power, and vessel speed, showing an overall improvement in the vessel's propulsion system performance. The optimization of the propulsion system performance was successfully achieved, as indicated by the increase in the vessel's maximum speed from 3.24 knots at 3487.57 RPM in the pre-optimization test to 4.14 knots at 715.96 RPM in the post-optimization test, thus achieving the vessel speed parameters."

"Airbreathing propulsion covers the physics of combustion, fluid and thermo-dynamics, and structural mechanics of airbreathing engines, including piston, turboprop, turbojet, turbofan, and ramjet engines. End-of-chapter exercises allow the reader to practice the fundamental concepts behind airbreathing propulsion, and the included PAGIC computer code will help the reader to examine the relationships between the performance parameters of different engines. Large amounts of data have on many different piston, turbojet, and turboprop engines have been compiled for this book and are included as an appendix. "