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"Telah dilakukan penelitian optimasi citra radiografi dengan phantom rando laki-laki menggunakan sistem FCR type Capsula XL-2 Drypic 4000. Dilakukan juga pengukuran ESD menggunakan thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD), untuk pemeriksaan kepala AP, cervical AP, thorax PA teknik kVp standar dan teknik kVp tinggi, dan pemeriksaan pelvis AP. Optimasi pembentukan citra dievaluasi berdasarkan panduan dari European Commission dengan kriteria penerimaannya, kondisi eksposi kVp dan mAs, ESD, kontras tinggi dan kontras rendah. Selain evaluasi visual citra untuk optimasi diperhatikan pula karakter incident exposure FCR yang dinyatakan dengan Sensitivity Value (S Value) dengan proses digitasi citra yang dapat dilihat pada tampilan image consule dan softwere ImageJ. Uji fungsi pesawat sinar-X dilakukan sebelum pelaksanaan penelitian menurut panduan RCWA, dan sistem FCR menurut panduan AAPM dan KCare, dengan hasil, keduanya memenuhi standar yang disyaratkan. Hasil penelitian optimasi menunjukkan bahwa untuk pemeriksaan kepala AP optimasi terjadi pada kondisi eksposi 65 kVp 20 mAs dan ESD 2.67 mGy. Pemeriksaan cervical AP optimasi terjadi pada eksposi 55 kVp 16 mAs dan ESD 2.55 mGy. Untuk pemeriksaan thorax PA teknik kVp standar optimasi terjadi pada 50 kVp 10 mAs dan ESD 2.24 mGy, sedangkan untuk teknik kVp tinggi optimasi terjadi pada eksposi 100 kVp 1 mAs dan ESD 1.75 mGy. Untuk pemeriksaan pelvis AP optimasi terjadi pada eksposi 75 kVp 10 mAs dan ESD 2.24 mGy.

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A research about a radiography image optimization using a male rando phantom by FCR type Capsula XL-2 Drypic 4000 system has been done. Along with ESD measurement using a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD), for examination of AP skull, AP cervical, PA thorax use standard kVp technique and high kVp technique, and AP pelvis. The optimization of image formation was evaluated based on guidance from European Commission with their acceptance criterian, the condition of kVp and mAs, ESD, high contrast and low contrast. Beside the image visual evaluation for optimization, the FCR incident exposure was also observed which is stated in Sensitivity Value (S Value) by image digitations process that can be seen at image console and imageJ software.

Function test of X-ray device was done before the research based on the RCWA guidance, and FCR system based on the AAPM and KCare guidance, the results, both of them meet the standard. The result of optimization research show that for AP skull examination optimum condition was when the expose 65 kVp, 20 mAs and ESD of 2.67 mGy. For examination of AP cervical optimum condition was when the expose 55 kVp, 20 mAs and ESD 2.67 mGy. For the PA thorax, the optimization of standard kVp technique was when 50 kVp 10 mAs and ESD 2.24 mGy, for the high kVp technique optimization was when expose 100 kVp 1 mAs and ESD 1.75 mGy. And for the AP pelvis, optimization was when 75 kVp 10 mAs and ESD 2.24 mGy."

"Saat ini, salah satu prosedur yang paling umum digunakan dalam radiologi untuk mendiagnosa suatu penyakit adalah sinar-X diagnostik. Prosedur ini sering kali diterapkan dalam berbagai pemeriksaan medis, seperti medical checkup, deteksi dini kanker, dan pendarahan otak. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk menentukan jumlah radiasi hambur yang dihasilkan selama prosedur ini guna mengevaluasi dosis radiasi yang diterima oleh pasien, staf medis, dan masyarakat umum. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi radiasi hambur terhadap variasi sudut hambur dan tegangan tabung dengan metode Monte Carlo, serta distribusi radiasi hambur yang dihamburkan oleh pasien dalam prosedur Trout dan Kelly dan radiografi toraks posisi supine AP. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan simulasi Monte Carlo menggunakan software PHITS untuk memodelkan radiasi hambur terhadap variasi posisi dan tegangan tabung. Variabel kontrol mencakup arus tabung (5 mAs), luas lapangan (20×20 cm² untuk prosedur Trout dan Kelly, 35×43 cm² untuk radiografi toraks supine AP), jarak fokus ke detektor (100 cm untuk Trout dan Kelly, 180 cm untuk radiografi toraks supine AP), dan dimensi fantom. Fantom yang digunakan berupa slab (balok air) berdensitas setara jaringan, balok masonit, dan ellipsoid air. Variabel yang diubah adalah sudut hambur (30° - 135°) dan tegangan tabung (70 kV - 100 kV). Variabel yang diamati adalah kerma primer dan kerma hambur, diukur pada jarak 1 m dari titik fokus dan pusat fantom. Kurva fraksi hambur dari simulasi dibandingkan dengan data literatur dan pengukuran untuk verifikasi hasil. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa sudut 30° mengalami peningkatan radiasi hambur terbesar hingga faktor 2,71, sedangkan sudut 135° menunjukkan peningkatan terendah, yaitu faktor 1,21. Kurva fraksi hambur simulasi memiliki pola yang menyerupai kurva fraksi hambur data literatur dan pengukuran, dengan sudut 80° paling mendekati literatur referensi dan 90° untuk verifikasi pengukuran. Dibandingkan prosedur Trout dan Kelly, prosedur radiografi toraks posisi supine AP menghasilkan fraksi hambur lebih besar hingga faktor 4,27. Perhitungan shielding radiasi sekunder perlu ditingkatkan dengan mengubah jarak fokus ke detektor menjadi 180 cm dan luas lapangan menjadi 35×43 cm².

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Currently, one of the most used procedures in radiology for diagnosing diseases is diagnostic X-ray. This procedure is often applied in various medical examinations, such as medical check-ups, early cancer detection, and brain hemorrhage detection. Therefore, it is important to determine the amount of scattered radiation produced during this procedure to evaluate the radiation dose received by patients, personnel, and the members of the public. This study aims to evaluate how scattered radiation changes with scatter angle and tube voltage using the Monte Carlo method. This study also evaluates the scattered radiation distribution from patients during Trout and Kelly procedures and supine AP chest radiography. The study uses the Monte Carlo simulation using PHITS software to model scattered radiations with variations of position and tube voltage. The controlled variables are tube current (5 mAs), field size (20×20 𝑐𝑚2 for Trout and Kelly procedures, 35×43 𝑐𝑚2 for supine AP chest radiography), focus-to-detector distance (100 cm for Trout and Kelly, 180 cm for supine AP chest radiography), and phantom dimensions. The phantoms used are water blocks with tissue-equivalent density, masonite blocks, and water ellipsoids. The independent variables are scatter angle (30° to 135°) and tube voltage (70 kV to 100 kV). The dependent variables are primary kerma and scatter kerma, measured at 1 m from the focal point and the center of the phantom. Scatter fraction curves from the simulation are compared with literature data and measurements for result verification. Study results show that the 30° angle shows the highest increase in scattered radiation, up to a factor of 2.71, while the 135° angle shows the lowest increase, at a factor of 1.21. The simulated scatter fraction curves have a pattern similar to those from literature data and measurements, with the 80° angle most closely matching the reference literature and the 90° angle for measurement verification. Compared to the Trout and Kelly procedures, the supine AP chest radiography procedure produces a greater scatter fraction, up to a factor of 4.27. Secondary radiation shielding calculations need to be improved by changing the focus-to-detector distance to 180 cm and the field size to 35×43 𝑐𝑚2.

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"Osteoporosis has become a worldwide problem and has been known as a silence disease. Nowadays, there are a lot of diagnostic tools for detecting osteoporosis. Eighty eight postmenopausal were included and underwent digital panoramic, digital periapical, and conventional radiography. Ultrasound bone densitometry of os calcis used as gold standard. Correlation between stiffness index (SI) with a digital dental, digital panoramic and conventional dental radiography are 0.170 (p = 0.11), -0382 (p = 0.001) and 0.246 (p = 0.021) respectively. Significant relationship was found between the SI only with digital panoramic and conventional dental. The highest correlation was found between SI values with mandibular Inferior Cortex on digital panoramic (-0.382, Pearson Correlation Tests). Correlation between digital panoramic radiographs and the SI values was the highest of the three radiographic modalities in this study. This indicates that evaluation of cortical bone is more accurate than cancellous bone. Bone quality evaluation in patients at high risk for osteoporosis using panoramic and dental conventional radiograph by dentist, contributes in preventing further occurrence of osteoporosis which in turn could reduce mortality and morbidity of osteoporosis in Indonesia."