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Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: Salah satu tantangan terbesar dalam upaya pengobatan malaria adalah terjadinya penurunan efikasi pada penggunaan obat antimalaria, seperti kasus resistensi. Kejadian resistensi terhadap beberapa jenis obat mendorong penemuan obat antimalaria baru terus dilakukan. Beberapa studi yang telah dilakukan menyebutkan bahwa andrografolid (ANDRO) memiliki efek sebagai antimalaria. Dehidroksiandrografolid (DeOH-AND) adalah senyawa yang memiliki kemiripan struktur dengan ANDRO. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek DeOH sebagai antiplasmodium dan mekanisme kerjanya. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan teknik in vitro. Pada penelitian ini digunakan galur parasit Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (chloroquine sensitive). Percobaan dilakukan untuk menjawab tiga tujuan penelitian; pertama bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi DeOH-AND sebagai antiplasmodium dengan melakukan uji IC50, uji hambatan bergantung stadium parasit dan melihat morfologi sel parasit menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dan TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). Kedua bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek sitotoksik DeOH-AND terhadap sel mamalia yang diujikan pada sel hati galur sel HepG2 dan sel darah merah. Ketiga, bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh DeOH-AND terhadap status oksidatif parasit dilihat dari kadar ROS intraseluler parasit, rasio GSH/GSSG dan aktivitas enzim SOD. Hasil: DeOH-AND memiliki aktivitas antiplasmodium dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 4 μM sedangkan kontrol klorokuin yang digunakan memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 0.06 μM (60x10-9 M). Kedua senyawa ini dapat menghambat pertumbuhan sel parasit pada stadium ring, tropozoit dan skizon. Hasil pengamatan menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dan TEM mempelihatkan kerusakan pada sel parasit bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Senyawa DeOH-AND tidak toksik terhadap sel hati (HepG2) dengan nilai CC50 yakni 394.67 μM serta tidak toksik pada sel darah merah. Hasil percobaan bagian ketiga menunjukkan bahwa DeOH-AND tidak mempengaruhi kadar ROS, rasio GSH/GSSG serta aktivitas enzim SOD. Kesimpulan: Senyawa DeOH-AND memiliki potensi sebagai antiplasmodium dan tidak memiliki efek toksik terhadap sel mamalia baik hati (HepG2) dan sel darah merah. DeOH-AND tidak mempengaruhi status oksidatif parasit secara signifikan.

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ABSTRACT
Background: One of the biggest challenges in malaria treatment is the occurrence of decreasing efficacy on antimalarial drugs like resistancy cases. Insidence of some drug resistance encourages the new antimalarial drugs continue to discover. Severeal studies mentioned that andrographolide (ANDRO) has an antimalarial effect. Dehidroksiandrographolide (DeOH) is a compound which has structural similarities with ANDRO. This study aims to determine the effect of DeOH as antiplasmodium and its mechanism. Methods: This is an experimental study using in vitro techniques. In this study were used Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strains (chloroquine sensitive). The experiments has three aims; the first part was aimed to known about the potential of DeOH-AND as an antiplasmodium using IC50 assay technique, stage dependent antiplasmodium activity, and analyse the P. falciparum morphology using light microscope and TEM (Transmission Electron Miscroscope) technique. The second parts was aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect of DeOH-AND on mamalian cell (hepar cell-HepG2 and red blood cell). And the third aims is to investigate the effect of DeOH-AND on parasite oxidative stress status with analyse the intracellular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) concentration, GSH/GSSG ratio and SOD (Superoxide Dismutase) enzyme activity. Results: DeOH-AND has antiplasmodium activity with IC50 value of 4 μM whereas chloroquine has IC50 values of 0.06 μM (60x10-9M). These compounds was found to inhibit the ring, tropozoit and skizon stage of the parasite. Treated P. falciparum 3D7 parasites show the crisis of their morphology cell which compared with untreated parasites (control). DeOHAND is not toxic to liver cells (HepG2) with CC50 values 394.67 and also not toxic to red blood cells which were seen from the results of hemolysis potential test. DeOH antiplasmodium effect were seen on all stage of the parasite (either ring, trophozoit and schizont) and caused parasite cell damage effect activity at all stages of the parasite (either ring, trophozoit and schizonts) and shown to cause damage. The third experiment showed that DeOH-AND did not affect the intracellular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) concentration, GSH/GSSG ratio and also SOD enzyme activity. Conclusions: DeOH compounds has antiplasmodium activity. These compound has no toxic effect on both of the liver cells (HepG2) and red blood cells. DeOH-AND did not affect parasit oxidative status with significantly, Background: One of the biggest challenges in malaria treatment is the occurrence of decreasing efficacy on antimalarial drugs like resistancy cases. Insidence of some drug resistance encourages the new antimalarial drugs continue to discover. Severeal studies mentioned that andrographolide (ANDRO) has an antimalarial effect. Dehidroksiandrographolide (DeOH) is a compound which has structural similarities with ANDRO. This study aims to determine the effect of DeOH as antiplasmodium and its mechanism. Methods: This is an experimental study using in vitro techniques. In this study were used Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strains (chloroquine sensitive). The experiments has three aims; the first part was aimed to known about the potential of DeOH-AND as an antiplasmodium using IC50 assay technique, stage dependent antiplasmodium activity, and analyse the P. falciparum morphology using light microscope and TEM (Transmission Electron Miscroscope) technique. The second parts was aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect of DeOH-AND on mamalian cell (hepar cell-HepG2 and red blood cell). And the third aims is to investigate the effect of DeOH-AND on parasite oxidative stress status with analyse the intracellular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) concentration, GSH/GSSG ratio and SOD (Superoxide Dismutase) enzyme activity. Results: DeOH-AND has antiplasmodium activity with IC50 value of 4 μM whereas chloroquine has IC50 values of 0.06 μM (60x10-9M). These compounds was found to inhibit the ring, tropozoit and skizon stage of the parasite. Treated P. falciparum 3D7 parasites show the crisis of their morphology cell which compared with untreated parasites (control). DeOHAND is not toxic to liver cells (HepG2) with CC50 values 394.67 and also not toxic to red blood cells which were seen from the results of hemolysis potential test. DeOH antiplasmodium effect were seen on all stage of the parasite (either ring, trophozoit and schizont) and caused parasite cell damage effect activity at all stages of the parasite (either ring, trophozoit and schizonts) and shown to cause damage. The third experiment showed that DeOH-AND did not affect the intracellular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) concentration, GSH/GSSG ratio and also SOD enzyme activity. Conclusions: DeOH compounds has antiplasmodium activity. These compound has no toxic effect on both of the liver cells (HepG2) and red blood cells. DeOH-AND did not affect parasit oxidative status with significantly]

Abstrak :
Pemanfaatan teknologi nuklir terutama radiasi gamma telah menjadi bagian penting di bidang kedokteran. Radiasi gamma dapat menghasilkan spesies oksigen reaktif (ROS) yang menyebabkan kerusakan biologis pada sel normal. Antioksidan adalah senyawa kimia yang dapat mencegah reaksi berantai radikal bebas. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan eksplorasi kemampuan dari bawang putih, petai, jengkol, tomat dan NAC dalam melindungi sel tehadap radiasi gamma. Kelompok perlakuan terdiri atas: A (kontrol), B (radiasi), C (bawang putih+radiasi), D (petai+radiasi), E (jengkol+radiasi), F (tomat+radiasi) dan G (NAC+radiasi). Tiap kelompok terdiri atas 4 ekor tikus jantan. Paparan radiasi gamma dilakukan setelah pemberian bahan alam selama 8 hari berturut-turut. Uji biokimia berupa pengukuran konsentrasi Malondialdehid (MDA), Glutation (GSH), 8-hidroksi-2-deoksiguanosin (8-OHdG), aktivitas spesifik Glutation Peroksidase (GPx), Katalase (CAT) serta uji immunofluoresensi foci γH2AX pada limfosit dan plasma. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa paparan radiasi gamma dapat menyebabkan peningkatan signifikan pada konsentrasi MDA, GSH, 8-OHdG dan jumlah foci γH2AX serta penurunan signifikan pada aktivitas spesifik GPx dan CAT (p<0.05). Sementara itu, pemberian ekstrak bawang putih, jengkol, tomat dan NAC mampu secara signifikan mengurangi radikal bebas akibat radiasi gamma. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bawang putih, jengkol, tomat dan NAC mampu melindungi tikus terhadap stres oksidatif akibat radiasi gamma. ......Application of nuclear technology, especially gamma radiation, has become an important part of the medical field. Gamma radiation exposure can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause biological damage to normal cells. Antioxidants are chemical compounds that can prevent free radical chain reaction. This study has been focused to explore the capability some materials of garlic, petai, jengkol, tomatoes and N-acetylcystein (NAC) in counteracting free radicals caused by gamma radiation. This research was divided into 7 treatment groups, namely A (control), B (radiation), C(garlic+radiation), D(petai+radiation), E(jengkol+radiation), F(tomato+radiation) and G(NAC+radiation). Each group consists of 4 male rats. The irradiation were given after 8 days the suplement had been given. Detection of  malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by biochemical, and γ-H2AX foci by immunoflouresence assay were made from lymphocytes and plasma. The results showed that gamma radiation cause a significant increase in MDA, GSH, 8-OHdG concentration and the number of foci γH2AX and a significant decrease in GPx and CAT specific activity (p <0.05). Giving garlic extract, jengkol bean, tomato and NAC can significantly reduce free radicals due to gamma radiation. The conclusion is garlic, jengkol bean, tomato and NAC can protect mice against oxidative stress due to gamma radiation.

Abstrak :
Selama beberapa puluh tahun terakhir, banyak peneliti mempelajari penyebab-penyebab infertilitas pria, yang difokuskan pada peranan spesies oksigen reaktif (SOR). Spesies oksigen reaktif adalah suatu zat pengoksidasi yang sangat reaktif dan tergolong dalam kelompok radikal bebas. Bila kadar SOR meningkat, maka terjadi stres oksidatif yang menghasilkan oksigen dan oksidan derivat oksigen, yang pada gilirannya meningkatkan kerusakan sel. Pada manusia, SOR diproduksi oleh beberapa komponen semen, dan antioksidan pada cairan seminalis akan menjaga keseimbangan kadar SOR tersebut. Fungsi SOR dalam jumlah sedikit akan membantu kemampuan fertilisasi spermatozoa. Banyak penelitian menunjukkan bahwa SOR menyerang integritas DNA pada nukleus sperma dengan cara modifikasi basa, memutuskan untai DNA, dan menyebabkan ?chromatin cross linking?. Kerusakan DNA meningkatkan kadar SOR dan dapat mempercepat proses apoptosis sel germinal yang berakibat menurunnya jumlah sperma yang berkaitan dengan kasus infertilitas pria. Makalah ini menelaah asal molekular/selular SOR pada semen, bagaimana SOR merusak DNA nukleus sperma, dan bagaimana kerusakan DNA berperanan dalam infertilitas pria. Peningkatan produksi SOR oleh spermatozoa berkaitan dengan penurunan potensial membran mitokondria (PMM), yang merupakan indikator penting untuk integritas fungsional spermatozoa. Apoptosis sel germinal penting untuk fungsi spermatogenesis normal dan gangguan regulasinya akan mengakibatkan infertilitas pria. Pemahaman penyebab dan mekanisme apoptosis sel germinal merupakan hal penting dalam mencegah masalah reproduksi pria. Tingkat apoptosis pada spermatozoa matang yang berkorelasi secara signifikan dengan kadar SOR cairan seminalis yang ditentukan oleh pemeriksaan kemiluminesens menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara SOR dan masalah fertilitas. (Med J Indones 2007; 16:127-33).

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Over the past few decades many researchers studying the causes of male infertility have recently focused on the role played by reactive oxygen species (ROS) ? highly reactive oxidizing agents belonging to the class of free radicals. If ROS levels rise, oxidative stress (OS) occurs, which results in oxygen and oxygen derived oxidants, and in turn increases the rates of cellular damage. In human, ROS are produced by a variety of semen components, and antioxidants in the seminal fluid keep their level balance. Small amounts of ROS help spermatozoa acquire their necessary fertilizing capabilities. Many researches showed that ROS attack DNA integrity in the sperm nucleus by causing base modification, DNA strand breaks, and chromatin cross linking. The DNA damage induced excessive levels of ROS and might accelerate the process of germ cell apoptosis leading to a decline in sperm counts associated with male infertility. This paper will review the molecular (cellular) origins of ROS in human semen, how ROS damage sperm nuclear DNA, and how such DNA damage contributes to male infertility. Increased ROS production by spermatozoa is associated with a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which is an important indicator of functional integrity of the spermatozoa. Germ cell apoptosis is essential for normal spermatogenesis and its dysregulation may lead to male infertility. Thus, understanding the causes and mechanisms of germ cell apoptosis is of major importance in preventing male reproductive problems. Levels of apoptosis in mature spermatozoa that were significantly correlated with levels of seminal ROS determined by chemiluminescence assay indicate the linkage between ROS and male fertility problems. (Med J Indones 2007; 16:127-33).

Abstrak :
Tert-butylhydroquinone TBHQ dan Sinar UV-A dilaporkan menjadi faktor penyebab dari terganggunya replikasi dan transkripsi DNA normal karenanya senyawa ini dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan pada biomolekul seperti DNA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis terbentuknya DNA Adduct 8-OHdG akibat kerusakan oksidatif DNA yang disebabkan oleh paparan senyawa TBHQ secara in vitro dilakukan dengan mereaksikan 2'-deoksiguanosin dengan TBHQ,H2O2, sinar UV-A pada pH 7 4, pada suhu 37 °C serta waktu inkubasi 5 dan 7 jam serta studi in vivo dilakukan dengan menggunakan sampel urin tikus putih (Rattus Norvegicus) yang dipaparkan senyawa TBHQ selama 28 hari. Pembentukan 8-OHdG dianalisis menggunakan instrumen HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) dengan kromatografi fase terbalik. Hasil studi in vitro pada dG+H2O2+TBHQ dengan waktu paparan sinar UV-A 7 jam menghasilkan konsentrasi 8-OHdG terbanyak. Hasil studi in vivo juga menunjukan paparan senyawa TBHQ pada tikus menyebabkan pembentukan DNA adduct 8-OHdG.

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TBHQ and UV-A rays are known as the factor of normal DNA disruption of replication and transcription which can cause the damage to biomolecules including DNA . This study aims to analyze the formation of DNA adduct 8-OHdG due to oxidative DNA damage caused by TBHQ and UV-A rays through in vitro reaction, carried out by incubating at 2'-deoxiguanosin with TBHQ, H2O2, in the presence/without presence UV-A rays at pH 7.4 and at temperature 37 °C for 5 and 7 hours. in vivo studies were carried out using urine samples of white rat (Rattus Norvegicus) exposed by TBHQ. The formation of 8-OHdG was analyzed using HPLC instrument (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) with reverse phase chromatography. The formation of DNA adduct generated from the studies is biomarker of DNA damage due to oxidative stress. The results of in vitro studies on dG + H2O2 + TBHQ with UV-A light with a 7-hour exposure time showed the highest concentration of 8-OHdG. The results of studies in vivo also show exposure to TBHQ in rats causing the formation of 8-OHdG DNA adduct.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Hipoksia kronik merupakan salah satu penyebab penyakit ginjal antara lain akibat iskemia kronik, anemia serta peningkatan pembentukan Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) di dalam sel. Penggunaan obat jangka panjang untuk mengurangi faktor risiko hipoksia pada ginjal yaitu Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors dan Angiotensin Receptor Blockers akan menimbulkan efek samping yang berat. Pemberian kombinasi ekstrak air akar Acalypha indica 250 mg/KgBB (AI250) dan herba Centella asiatica 150 mg/kgBB (CA150) menunjukkan efek neuroterapi sel neuron pada tikus Spraque Dawley pascahipoksia. Atas dasar penelitian tersebut akan dibuktikan manfaat kombinasi ekstrak etanol (akar AI+ herba CA) dan/atau ekstrak tunggalnya dalam memperbaiki kerusakan ginjal tikus Spraque Dawley pascahipoksia melalui mekanisme antioksidan. Metode: 28 ekor tikus Sprague Dawley jantan yang dibagi ke dalam 7 kelompok yaitu normal; hipoksia+air; hipoksia+kombinasi1; hipoksia+kombinasi2; hipoksia+tunggal1; hipoksia+tunggal2; hipoksia+vit C. Induksi hipoksia dilakukan selama 7 hari dalam hypoxic chamber diisi O2 10 % dan N2 90 % bertekanan 1 atm. Pada hari ke-8 pascareoksigenasi 1 jam masing-masing kelompok diberi perlakuan air; (AI200+CA150); (AI250+CA100); AI250; CA150 dan vitamin C peroral selama 7 hari. Pada akhir studi hewan coba diterminasi menggunakan eter. Darah dan organ ginjal diambil untuk pemeriksaan kadar MDA, ekspresi relatif mRNA HIF-1α, kadar kreatinin dan urea plasma serta pemeriksaan histopatologi. Hasil: Pemberian ekstrak etanol kombinasi (AI250+CA100) dapat menurunkan kadar MDA ginjal dan plasma secara bermakna dibandingkan kontrol hipoksia (p=0,001dan p=0,021) dan ekstrak etanol AI 250 (p=0,003 dan 0,043). Pada kombinasi ekstrak AI250+CA100 terjadi penurunan ekspresi relatif mRNA HIF-1α (p=0,014). (AI250+CA100), penurunan kadar urea plasma (p=0,001) dan perbaikan lesi intra- glomerulus p=0,013. Kesimpulan: Kombinasi ekstrak etanol (AI250+CA100) dan tunggal (AI250) memiliki aktivitas antioksidan terbaik sehingga dapat mencegah kerusakan ginjal pascahipoksia, secara biokimiawi dan gambaran histopatologinya.

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Background: The Chronically hypoxia can be caused by chronic ischemia, anemia and increased formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the cell. Existing treatments for long term in order to reduce the risk factors in kidney hypoxia (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers) can cause severe side effects. Using combination of water extract of the root of Acalypha indica 250 mg/KgBB (AI250) and herbaceus Centella asiatica 150 mg/kgBB (CA150) showed the effect of neuronal cell neurotherapy in Spraque Dawley Rat post-hypoxic. On the basis of this studies wil be proven benefits of the ethanolic extract in combination and single of the Root of Acalypha indica and Herbaceus Centella asiatica Supplementation in repairing at Spraque Dawley rat kidney damage post-hypoxic through an antioxidant mechanism. Methode: 28 Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups: normal control; hypoxia + water control; hypoxia + combination 1; hypoxia + combination 2; hypoxia + single 1; hypoxia + single 2; hypoxia + vitamin C. Induction of hypoxic for 7 days in a hypoxic chamber filled with 10% O2 and 90% N2 pressure of 1 atm. On the 8 th day pasca reoxygenation for 1 hour, each group were treated by water; (AI200 + CA150); (AI250 + CA100); AI250; CA150 and vitamin C orally for 7 days. At the end of the test animal studies using ether terminated. Blood and kidneys were taken for examination MDA levels, the relative mRNA expression of HIF-1α, plasma urea and plasma creatinine levels and histopathology. Result: Combination of ethanolic extract (AI200+CA150) decreased MDA levels kidney tissue and plasma were significantly compared with the control (p = 0,001dan p = 0.003) and ethanolic extract AI 250 (p = 0.016 and 0.043), AI250 + CA100 decreased relative mRNA expression HIF-1α (p = 0.014). The combination of extracts (AI250 + CA100) decreased plasma urea levels (p = 0.001) and the repair of intra-glomerular lesions p = 0.013. Conclusion: the combination (AI250+CA100) and single (AI250) administration has the best antioxidant activity, thus preventing kidney damage post hypoxic by biochemical parameters and histopathology.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang : Global warming atau peristiwa meningkatnya suhu rerata bumi disebabkan oleh peningkatan konsentrasi karbondioksida (CO2) pada atmosfer bumi. Peningkatan kadar karbondioksida ini berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan melalui berbagai cara. Dalam tubuh kondisi kadar karbondioksida yang tinggi atau hiperkapnea dapat memberikan pengaruh pada tubuh salah satu nya adalah peningkatan produksi Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) yang dapat menyebabkan stres oksidatif. Dengan menggunakan sel Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC), kadar ROS terutama superoksida yang diproduksi akibat paparan CO2 tinggi dapat dideteksi dengan menggunakan dihydroethidium (DHE) assay.Tujuan : Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat efek pemaparan pada kadar CO2 tinggi terhadap perubahan produksi superoksida pada sel PBMC.Metode : Sel PBMC diinkubasi pada kadar CO2 yang berbeda yaitu kadar tinggi sebesar 15% dan kontrol 5% CO2. Produksi superoksida pada sel tersebut dapat dilihat menggunakan DHE assay dengan melihat perubahan nilai absorbansi pada fluorometer. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah nilai absorbansi per sel yang menggambarkan kadar superoksida untuk tiap satu sel PBMC. Hasil : Pemaparan sel PBMC pada kondisi tinggi CO2 (15% CO2) selama 24 jam dan 48 jam secara signifikan meningkatkan produksi superoksida bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol (5% CO2) pada sel PBMC. Namun terdapat penurunan yang signifikan antara paparan tinggi CO2 selama 48 jam bila dibandingkan dengan paparan tinggi CO2 selama 24 jam. Dari sini dapat disimpulkan bahwa paparan tinggi CO2 dapat meningkatkan laju produksi superoksida pada sel PBMC. Selain itu terdapat penurunan kadar superoksida pada sel PBMC apabila lama paparan CO2 tinggi lebih dari 24 jam.Kesimpulan : pemaparan kadar CO2 tinggi pada sel PBMC selama 24 jam dan 48 jam akan meningkatkan laju produksi ROS terhadap kontrol. Penurunan kadar superoksida pada inkubasi CO2 tinggi selama 48 jam menunjukan ada nya pengurangan kadar superoksida apabila lama inkubasi lebih dari 24 jam.
Background: Global warming or the increase in the average temperature of the earth is caused by an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the earth's atmosphere. Increased levels of carbon dioxide affect health in various ways. In the body of conditions high carbon dioxide levels or hypercapnea can give effect to the body one of them is an increase in the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which can cause oxidative stress. By using Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC) cells, ROS levels, especially superoxide produced due to high CO2 exposure can be detected using dihydroethidium (DHE) assay. Objective: This study was conducted to see the effect of exposure to high CO2 levels on changes in superoxide production in PBMC cells. Methods: PBMC cells were incubated at different CO2 levels, namely a high level of 15% and a control of 5% CO2. Superoxide production in these cells can be seen using the DHE assay by looking at changes in absorbance values on the fluorometer. The results obtained are absorbance values per cell that describe the levels of superoxide for each one PBMC cell. Results: Exposure of PBMC cells under high CO2 conditions (15% CO2) for 24 hours and 48 hours significantly increased superoxide production when compared to controls (5% CO ¬ 2) on PBMC cells. However, there was a significant decrease between 48 hours of high CO2 exposure compared to 24 hours of high CO2 exposure. From this it follows that high exposure to CO2 can increase the rate of superoxide production in PBMC cells. In addition there is a decrease in superoxide levels in PBMC cells if the duration of high CO2 exposure is more than 24 hours. Conclusion: exposure to high CO2 levels in PBMC cells for 24 hours and 48 hours will increase the rate of superoxide production to control. Decrease in superoxide levels in incubation of high CO2 for 48 hours shows that there is a reduction in superoxide levels if the incubation time is more than 24 hours

Abstrak :
Salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi penuaan kulit adalah dengan antioksidan yang dapat menangkal Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) penyebab kerutan kulit. Salah satu sumber alami antioksidan adalah dari mikroalga Spirulina sp. Spirulina sp. mengandung senyawa berbagai antioksidan, salah satunya pigmen biru fikosianin sekitar 20% berat keringnya. Ekstraksi antioksidan Spirulina sp. dapat diaplikasikan dalam kosmetika berbentuk esens yang dapat digunakan dalam bentuk patch. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode ultrasonikasi dengan variasi jenis pelarut air dan etanol, lalu durasi sonikasi selama 15 menit, 30 menit, dan 45 menit, identifikasi jenis antioksidan, analisis senyawa fikosianin ekstrak Spirulina sp. dan pembuatan formulasi esens, uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan DPPH, dan uji fisik (pH, viskositas, dan organoleptik selama 4 minggu). Waktu sonikasi terbaik untuk menghasilkan fikosainin dihasilkan selama 15 menit pada suhu 30°C menggunakan pelarut air yaitu 15,55mg/g pada ekstrak Spirulina sp., 9,20mg/g pada formulasi esens, dengan uji aktivitas antioksidan IC50 sebesar 64,5. Pada uji fisik dihasilkan hasil yang stabil yaitu pH antara 5,0-5,9, viskositas 0,7-1,4 dPa.s, berwarna hijau tua, berbau khas alga, tekstur cair tidak lengket, dan homogen.

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One effort to overcome skin aging is with antioxidants that can counteract the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that cause skin wrinkles. One natural source of antioxidants is from the microalgae Spirulina sp. Spirulina sp. contains various antioxidant compounds, one of which is the blue pigment phycocyanin about 20% dry weight. Antioxidant extraction of Spirulina sp. can be applied in cosmetics in the form of essences that can be used in patches. Extraction was carried out by ultrasonication with variations in the type of water and ethanol solvent, then the duration of sonication for 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 45 minutes, identification of antioxidant types, analysis of phycocyanin compounds Spirulina sp. and making essence formulations, antioxidant activity tests with DPPH, and physical tests (pH, viscosity, and organoleptics for 4 weeks). The best sonication time to produce phycocyanin was produced for 15 minutes at 30°C with a water solvent of 15.55 mg/g in Spirulina sp. Extract, 9.20 mg/g in the essence formulation, with an IC50 antioxidant activity test of 64.5. On physical tests, stable results were obtained, ie pH between 5.0-5.9, viscosity of 0.7-1.4 dPa.s, dark green, characteristic of algae, non-sticky liquid texture, and homogeneous.