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"ABSTRAKPeringatan Asyura adalah suatu peringatan yang selalu diperingati oleh seluruh umat Islam Syiah di seluruh dunia. la telah memberikan spirit bagi sebagian umat Islam yang menjadikan terjaganya ajaran Islam yang suci sebagaimana yang diajarkan Nabi Muhammad Saw. Perjuangan Imam Husain adalah sebuah realitas keadilan sehingga bukan hanya menjadi relevan bagi perjuangan kemanusiaan dimanapun, tetapi lebih mendasar lagi, perjuangan tersebut layak menjadi paradigma setiap gerakan sosio-kultural masyarakat dalam mencapai kemuliaan di sisi Tuhan. Peringatan seremonial menjadi panting karena acara seperti itu dapat menjadi sarana untuk melahirkan momentum-momentum baru yang dapat menjadi inspirator dalam usaha-usaha mentransforrnasi sistem nilai Asyura ke dalam paradigma praktis kontemporer masyarakatDi Iran sebagai Negara mayoritas berpenduduk Islam Syiah, peringatan Asyura menjadi inspirasi bagi Revolusi Islam Iran ketika Imam Khomeini membawa pesan-pesan Asyura ke dalam Revolusi Islam Iran, dan mempersamakan Syah Iran dengan Yazid bin Muawiyah sebagai pemimpin dzalim, haus kekuasaan, serta mempergunakan kekuasaannya untuk memperkaya keluarganya dan para antek-anteknya.Kepemimpinan Imam Khomeini adalah salah satu faktor terpenting dalam keberhasilan transformasi peringatan Asyura dan ajaran-ajaran Asyura tentunya dalam kemenangan Revolusi Islam Iran.

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ABSTRACT

Ashura has always been commemorated by the Shi'ite Muslims all over the world. It gives a spirit for some Muslim community, which makes it a vanguard of the Islamic Creed as thought by the Prophet Muhammad. Imam Husain's struggle is a struggle for justice which is not only compatible for humanity, but also became a paradigm for socio-cultural movement in society in order to achieve glory in God's side. This ceremonial commemoration become important, because this kind of commemoration could became a vehicle to construct new momentums which could lead to inspirations to transforms a believes in Ashura's commemoration into practical paradigm in contemporary society.

Iran as a country which Shi'ite Muslims are the majority, Ashura commemoration became an inspiration for the Islamic Revolution when Imam Khomeini brought massages of Ashura into the revolution. In which Khomeini portrayed the Shah of Iran as Yazid ibn Muawwiyah as usurper, dictator, and using his power to gain money for himself and his cronies.

Khomeini's leadership is one of the most important factors in the success in transforming Ashura commemoration and Ashura teachings, which made the Islamic Revolution in Iran as a huge success."

"Upara tradisional dalam rangka ngunduh sarang burung dilaksanakan empat kali dalam satu tahun. Dalam setiap upacara selalu diadakan di beberapa tempat yaitu di rumah mandor,di paseban (pendopo) dan di pos jaga

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"Upacara Tradisional Larung Tumpeng Sesaji di Telaga Sarangan merupakan salah satu bentuk produk budaya lokal di Wilayah kabupaten Magetan,Provinsi Jawa Timur yang sampai sekarang masih tetap dilaksanakan oleh masyarakat pendudkungnya

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"Penelitian ini berusaha mengungkap bagaimana perwujudan pembangunan spiritual, budaya dan wisata di sebuah desa Pantai Selatan. Adapaun fokus kajiannya adalah berada tepat di kawasan wisata Parangtritis....."

"The space between building are meaning as areas opened can to accsess by the people, and usually be located between buildings. The space between building in this case, to be interesting because inside can to carried out of activity public characteristic in community scale limited. At first glance the space between building is a public space are property with communal by community or country facility in the interest of the space. But reality its not it. Some spaces between building is personal property. Fieldes the usually to purpose for sport, the majority is personal property and not yet to use and than to let use by the public and some times its make use of, untill definition of public space in this case not only the space for public society, but to carried out by self supporting people. This research are characteristic of eksploratif with use fenomenologic-hermenitic approach in the architecture and ethnografic. It can be concluded, the research shows that the fenomena of the space between building as the public space still to exploration as a general fenomena from the open space. The public space will be seen are meaning at the moment of ritual adat, like as: seren taun, ngadegkeun imah, hajat sasih, etc. In outside moments its, so the public space like as loosing clear function. The public space just to mean as the public space usual for the people activity every day. This research to give contribution for development research about of genius local and will be enrich instruction of vernacular architecture. In the praxiss, this research can to use in the design of public space Sundanese contemporer, like as: restaurant, , café, etc. "

"Kepercayaan atau religi merupakan salah satu bagian dari kebudayaan. Sistem kepercayaan di Jepang tidak terlepas dari ritual. Salah satu budaya Jepang yang erat kaitannya dengan ritual kepercayaan yaitu matsuri, karena di dalam matsuri terdapat berbagai macam ritual. Di Jepang dalam setahunnya terdapat banyak matsuri. Nenchuugyouji adalah matsuri besar yang diadakan berdasarkan kalender yang telah ditetapkan. Teori yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah teori Bocock dan Barth tentang ritual. Teori tersebut menjadi bahan acuan dalam meneliti hubungan sosial masyarakat Jepang didalam matsuri Nenchuugyouji. Analisis dari penelitian ini, disimpulkan bahwa : matsuri nenchuugyouji memiliki banyak unsur yang dapat menciptakan interaksi sosial, antara lain kagura, dashi, omikoshi, dan naorai. Keempat unsur tersebut mempunyai daya tarik yang membuat masyarakat ingin berpartisipasi, sehingga banyak masyarakat yang terlibat didalamnya. Keterlibatan seluruh masyarakat menimbulkan interaksi sesama mereka, sehingga matsuri nenchuugyouji dapat menjadi ruang untuk mempererat hubungan sosial masyarakat Jepang.

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Belief is one part of culture. Japanese belief has close connection with ritual. Matsuri is one of Japanese culture which has close relation with ritual. Japan has a lot of kind matsuri. Nenchuugyouji is big matsuri which held every year stand on Japanese calendar. In this thesis, writer used Bocock and Barth`s theory about ritual to analyzes Japanese social relation in matsuri nenchuugyouji. Conclusion : matsuri nenchuugyouji has a lot of unsure which that unsure can make interaction among them, like kagura, dashi, omikoshi, and naorai. A lot of people contributed in this matsuri, because interested with kagura, dashi, omikoshi and naorai. Because of that, matsuri nenchuugyouji can make Japanese social relation to be closer and solid."

"Upacara kematian merupakan sebuah ritual yang tidak dapat dihiraukan pelaksanaannya dalam setiap bangsa, termasuk Jepang. Sejak zaman Edo, upacara kematian di Jepang mengalami berbagai perkembangan Ide dari pembentukan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang jasa pelayanan upacara kematian (sougisha 葬儀社 そうぎしゃ) muncul karena banyaknya permintaan untuk menyewa atribut dan mengatur perpindahan atau transportasi jenazah. Landasan teori yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi ini yaitu pengertian komodifikasi menurut Bagdikian. Pengertian komodifikasi tersebut menjadi acuan bagi penulis untuk menganalisis proses komodifikasi yang terjadi pada upacara kematian di Jepang. Keseluruhan proses penanganan jenazah pada masa sekarang dilakukan oleh pengusaha sougisha. Upacara kematian mengalami profesionalisasi dan formalisasi yang sehingga tekanan dari proses tersebut telah mengubahnya sebuah komoditas.

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Funeral ceremony is a ritual which implementation cannot be ignored in every country, including Japan. Since the era of Edo, Japanese funeral ceremony has experienced many developments. The idea of creating Japanese funeral companies emerged because of there were high demands to rent the attributes of funeral ceremony and to arrange the transportation of the deceased. In this thesis, writer uses the definition of commodification stated by Bagdikian as the basic in analyzing the commodification process that Japanese funeral has experienced. The whole process of taking care of the deceased in recent years has been done by the Japanese funeral company. Japanese funeral has been changed by the profesionalization and formalization into a commodity."

"The Hindu Balinese society has a strong stand on respecting nature in the ritual processes. The knowledge of which, is a precious contribution to the environment as it is described in the anthropo-, bio-, and eco-centric ethics. The Hindu Balinese people has described themselves as both micro- and macro-cosmos, and that they are obliged to keep harmony the relations of God, man, and nature, known as the concept of tri Hita Kirana which consists for Parahyangan (God), Pawongan (man), and Palemahan (the earth or the world). The Balinese sense of loyalty, submission, and loving devotion to God has to be expressed by their efforts to maintain harmony with nature and other human beings. The religions and cultural rituals in Bali, in essence, are not only theological, or mere esthetical, but they express the value of harmony between man and culture."