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"Information on salivary characteristics of young subjects with different body composition is scarce. Thus, the aim of this pilot study was to assess salivary characteristics of normal-weight, overweight and obese children. This is a basic research design in which 68 children (5-12 years) were recruited and anthropometric measurements consisted of body mass index (BMI = Kg/m2), body perimeters (waist/arm circumferences) and subcutaneous fat tissue (triceps/subscapular thicknesses). Stimulated (SS) and unstimulated morning saliva (US) were collected to determine flow rate, pH and triglycerides, urea, alpha-amylase, total protein, phosphate and calcium concentrations. Data were analyzed using normality tests, t test/Wilcoxon, one-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson’s/Spearman’s correlation tests, where appropriate. Results: Age, household income, parents’ education, saliva flow and pH did not differ among groups. Waist circumference and subscapular skinfold differed significantly between normal-weight and obese groups; only waist circumference showed significant correlation with BMI in all groups. pH increased significantly from US to SS in all groups; but flow rate increased from US to SS only in normal-weight and overweight groups. Total protein, amylase, urea, phosphate, triglyceride and calcium concentrations did not differ among groups. However, urea, phosphate and calcium concentrations differed significantly between US and SS in the normal-weight and overweight groups, with the lowest values for SS. In the overweight group, total protein also differed between saliva samples and obese group showed no difference in biochemical parameters between US and SS. Finally, some salivary characteristics may vary among normal-weight, overweight and obese children; thus, future studies in a larger sample are needed to fully understand salivary secretion and composition of these subjects."

"Background: Recently, honey has been widely used as a sweetener. Along with the people's awareness to control the intake of calorie, the consumption of lowcalorie sweetener is increasing as well. How much these sweeteners contribute to caries process, however, are still unknown. Objective: To compare the changes of viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva after consuming water containing honey and low calorie sweetener. Method: Each research subject aged 20-22 years old was asked to consume 150 ml water that contained 17 grams of honey or 2,5 grams of low-calorie sweetener in different day, and waited for 10 minutes before conducting the viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva?s test. Results: The data was analyzed by Wilcoxon test with 0,05 level of significance. The results obtained were the significant decreases in values of viscosity and buffering capacity of saliva before and after consuming water containing honey and water containing low-calorie sweetener, significant decrease in pH value before and after consuming water containing honey, no significant decrease in pH value before and after consuming water containing low-calorie sweetener. In addition, there were no significant differences in values of viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity between the groups consuming water containing honey and low-calorie sweetener. Conclusion: There were significant differences in viscosity and buffering capacity of saliva before and after onsuming water containing honey and water containing low-calorie sweetener. Meanwhile, there was significant difference for the pH value before and after consuming water containing honey, while there was no significant difference for the pH value before and after consuming water containing low-calorie sweetener. However, there were no significant differences in viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva after consuming water containing honey and water containing low-calorie sweetener."

"Pemeriksaan golongan darah ABO terhadap sampel saliva dapat dilakukan pada individu sekretorik, yaitu individu yang mampu mensekresikan antigen-antigen golongan darahnya ke dalam berbagai cairan tubuh termasuk saliva. Terdapat berbagai faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi hasil pemeriksaan golongan darah menggunakan saliva, diantaranya faktor temperatur dan durasi waktu penyimpanan. Tujuan penelitian : Membandingkan hasil pemeriksaan golongan darah terhadap sampel saliva segera dengan sampel saliva yang disimpan selama 1 jam pada temperatur 7°C. Metode : Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pemeriksaan golongan darah dengan teknik absorpsi-inhibisi menggunakan 20 sampel saliva dari 10 orang individu sekretorik bergolongan darah A, B, atau AB yang dilakukan pada periode waktu Oktober hingga November 2007. Hasil penelitian : Pemeriksaan golongan darah dengan sampel saliva segera menunjukkan kesesuaian 100%, sedangkan pada pemeriksaan sampel saliva yang disimpan selama 1 jam pada temperatur 7°C kesesuaiannya hanya 60%. Kesimpulan : Pemeriksaan golongan darah menggunakan saliva segera menunjukkan hasil yang tepat. Namun terjadi penurunan ketepatan pada hasil pemeriksaan setelah penyimpanan sampel selama 1 jam dengan temperatur 7°C.

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ABO blood group can be determined from secretoric individual, who has the ability to secrete A, B, or O antigen to the body fluids including saliva. However, there are factors affecting the result of blood group examination using saliva including temperature and time duration of sample storage. Objective : To compare the result of blood group examination from immediate saliva samples with saliva stored at 7°C for 1 hour. Method : Twenty saliva samples from 10 secretoric individuals with A, B, or AB blood group were examined using absorption inhibition technique from October until November 2007. Result : Blood group examination results using immediate saliva samples were 100% correct. On the other hand, the results from saliva samples stored for 1 hour at 7°C were 60% correct. Conclusion : Blood group examination using immediate saliva samples showed the most accurate results. After 1 hour, delayed saliva sample examinations at cool temperature (7°C) showed a decrease accuracy in blood group examination results."

"Pemeriksaan golongan darah ABO terhadap sampel saliva dapat dilakukan pada individu sekretorik, yaitu individu yang mampu mensekresikan antigen-antigen golongan darahnya ke dalam berbagai cairan tubuh seperti pada saliva. Terdapat berbagai faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi hasil pemeriksaan golongan darah menggunakan saliva, diantaranya faktor temperatur dan durasi waktu penyimpanan.Tujuan penelitian : Membandingkan antara hasil pemeriksaan golongan darah terhadap sampel saliva segera dengan saliva yang disimpan selama 1 jam pada temperatur 15°C.Metode : Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pemeriksaan golongan darah dengan teknik absorpsi-inhibisi menggunakan 20 sampel saliva dari 10 orang individu sekretorik bergolongan darah A, B, atau AB yang dilakukan pada periode waktu Oktober hingga November 2007.Hasil penelitian : Pemeriksaan golongan darah pada sampel saliva segera menunjukkan kesesuaian 100% sedangkan pada pemeriksaan sampel saliva yang disimpan selama 1 jam pada temperatur 15°C kesesuaiannya hanya 80%.Kesimpulan : Pemeriksaan golongan darah menggunakan saliva segera menunjukkan hasil yang tepat. Namun terjadi penurunan ketepatan pada hasil pemeriksaan setelah penyimpanan sampel selama 1 jam dengan temperatur 15°C.

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ABO blood group can be determined from secretor individual, who has the ability to secrete A, B, or O antigen to the body fluid including saliva. However, there are factors affecting the result of blood group examination using saliva including temperature and time duration of sample storage.

Objective : To compare the result of blood group examination from immediate saliva samples with saliva stored at 15°C for 1 hour.

Method : Twenty saliva samples from 10 secretoric individuals with A, B, or AB blood group were examined using absorption inhibition technique from October until November 2007.

Result : Blood group examination results using immediate saliva samples were 100% correct. On the other hand, the results from saliva samples stored for 1 hour at 15°C were 80% correct.

Conclusion : Saliva samples should be tested immediately in order to get the most accurate results. After 1 hour, delayed saliva sample examinations at 15°C showed a decrease accuracy in blood group examination results."

"Fisiologi saliva: sebuah ringkasan. Kondisi fisiologi saliva mempunyai peran penting dalam kehidupan manusia. Perubahan yang terjadi pada usia, kondisi lingkungan, kehidupan dan pola makan mempengaruhi ada atau tidaknya gangguan fungsi saliva. Saliva berperan dalam menentukan pola pertumbuhan dan kesehatan gigi di dalam rongga mulut. Saliva merupakan cairan unik yang berfungsi dalam mekanisme pertahanan utama mikroorganisme yang ada di dalam rongga mulut. Penelitian tentang fisiologi saliva, selama ini sepertinya dipisahkan pendidikan profesi kedokteran dan kedokteran gigi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengertian yang lebih baik dari tentang saliva secaramenyeluruh dalam kondisi sehat dan sakit. Saat ini telah banyak penelitian yang dilakukan untuk menggunakan saliva untuk mencari penanda diagnosis suatu penyakit. Analisis saliva juga diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran tentang status kepenyakitan dan membantu untuk pencegahan, monitoring dan perawatan. Telaah singkat ini dibuat untuk memberikan pengertian tentang fisiologi saliva untuk menambah wawasan baru tentang fisiologi saliva dan aplikasinya dalam bidang kedokteran dan kedokteran gigi.

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Physiology of saliva evolves in supporting many important activities in human life. Changes in age, environmental and living condition as well as eating habit would influence salivary function. Saliva palys a role in determining the development pattern and oral health. Saliva has a unique function in the defense mechanism to microorganism in the oral environment. Research focuses on the salivary physiology is limited and seems to be separated from medical and dental professional education. Better and deeper comprehensive understanding of saliva in healthand disease is needed. Nowadays, many studies have used saliva to find diagnosis markers for specific diseases. Salivary analysis is intended to give descriptive information on disease status for prevention, monitoring and treatment purposes. This brief review aimed to give understanding on salivary physiology in order to add new views of its application in the field of medicine and dentistry."

"ABSTRAK Menemukan suatu metode pengukuran objektif mengenai rasa sakit pada anak merupakan tantangan bagi dokter gigi anak selama melakukan perawatan. Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale adalah instrumen pengukur rasa sakit metode self report yang telah teruji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Alfa amilase saliva adalah biomarker dalam saliva yang dipengaruhi oleh sistem saraf simpatis dalam eksresi nya. Prosedur anestesi lokal injeksi dapat menimbulkan rasa sakit pada anak. Rasa sakit menstimulasi sistem saraf simpatis akibat adanya stimulus noksius pada reseptor. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa hubungan kadar alfa amilase saliva dengan skor Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale pada anak saat mendapatkan anestesi lokal injeksi selama prosedur ekstraksi gigi sulung. Kadar alfa amilase saliva diukur dengan menggunakan portable device Nipro Cocoro meter, yang teruji memiliki nilai pengukuran mendekati analisis laboratoris. Kadar Alfa amilase saliva pertama diukur sesaat setelah injeksi anestesi lokal, dilanjutkan dengan pengukuran kedua pada waktu 10 menit setelah injeksi. Anak diminta menunjukkan rasa sakit yang dirasakan pada saat injeksi anestesi lokal dengan menggunakan instrumen Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale. Analisis data menggunakan uji Spearman. Nilai alfa amilase saliva ditemukan berkorelasi positif dengan skor Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale p le;0,05 dengan koefisien korelasi r=0.445 . Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa alfa amilase saliva berkorelasi dengan rasa sakit pada saat pemberian anestesi lokal injeksi sehingga diharapkan alfa amilase saliva dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker akan rasa sakit.ABSTRACT Finding an objective measurement of pain is a challenge for pediatric dentist. Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale is commonly used instrument to assess pain intensity in children. Salivary alpha amylase is biomarker in saliva which secreted by stimulation of sympathetic nervous system. Local anesthesia injection procedure stimulate pain in children. The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale and Salivary Alpha Amylase level during primary tooth extraction procedure with local anesthetic injection in children aged 6 12 years. From all children, saliva was collected with a disposable saliva strip, shortly after local anesthetic injection and at 10 minutes after injection. Level of salivary alpha amylase then determined using portable Nipro Cocoro Meter device. The Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale was measured at the same time. The correlation between Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale and salivary alpha amylase level was analyzed with Spearman Correlation test. There was a significant correlation between Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale and Salivary Alpha Amylase level p le 0,05 with correlation coefficient r 0.445 . This study showed that salivary alpha amylase was correlated with pain during procedure of anesthesia local injection. Our data suggest that salivary alpha amylase level might be a good index for objective pain intensity assessment."

"Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan pengaruh saliva buatan dengan pH 4,5 terhadap kekerasan dari material restoratif bioaktif. Metode penelitian: Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan penelitian menggunakan material restorative bioaktif, Activa Bioactive (RMGI), Cention-N (RK Alkasit), Fuji II LC (RMGIC), Zirconomer (Zirconia reinforced Glass Ionomer) , dan Beautifill II LS (Giomer). Masing-masing specimen material tersebut dengan ukuran diameter 15 mm dengan tinggi 1 mm direndam dalam saliva buatan pH 4,5 selama 7 hari. Setelah 7 hari, specimen dilakukan uji kekerasan menggunakan Knoop Hardness test dengan 5 jejas per spesimen. Kemudian hasil pengujian dilakukan uji normalitas Shapiro-Wilk, dilanjutkan dengan One-Way Anova. Lalu dilakukan uji homogenitas Levene dan dilanjutkan uji Post-hoc Tamhane. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada nilai kekerasan di antara material restoratif bioaktif yang diuji (One way anova, p<0,05). Dengan nilai tertinggi pada material Cention-N dan terendah material Activa Bioactive. Pada uji Post-hoc Tamhane didapati perbedaan bermakna, kecuali antara Beautifill II LS dengan Zirconomer. Kesimpulan: Setelah dilakukan perendaman pada saliva dengan pH 4,5, material Cention N memiliki nilai kekerasan tertinggi dan Material Activa yang terendah.

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Objective: This study aims to compare the effect of artificial saliva with pH 4.5 on the microhardness of bioactive restorative materials. Method: In this study, research was carried out using restorative bioactive materials, Activa Bioactive (RMGI), Cention N (RK Alkasit), Fuji II LC (RMGIC), Zirconomer (Zirconia reinforced Glass Ionomer), and Beautifill II LS (Giomer). Each specimen of the materials are made with a diameter of 15 mm and a height of 1 mm, and were immersed in artificial saliva pH 4.5 for 7 days. After 7 days the material was subjected to a microhardness tester using the Knoop Hardness test with 5 per specimen of materials. Statistic analysis were performed using Shapiro-Wilk normality test, followed by One-Way Anova. Then the Levene homogeneity test was carried out and continued with the Post-hoc Tamhane test. Result: There was a significant difference in the hardness value between bioactive restorative materials (One way ANOVA, p <0.05). With the highest value for the Cention-N material and the lowest for Activa Bioactive material. In the Post-hoc Tamhane test, there was a significant difference, except between Beautifill II LS and Zirconomer. Conclusion: After soaking in saliva with a pH of 4.5, the Cention N material had the highest hardness value and the lowest Activa Material."

"Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease and is characterized by low bone mass and microstructur deterioration of the bone which leads to increased risk of fracture. Biomarker of bone metabolism can be seen as beginning of bone loss and first detection before imbalanced bone turnover comes. Biomarker of bone formation as serum bone alkaline fosfatase, osteocalcin (OC), procollagen type I, and biomarker of bone resorption as urine pyridinoline (Pyd) and deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) crosslinks, hydroxyprolin. The simultanious examination of serum OC and urine Pyd or Dpd as a very good screening test for determination of bone imbalanced at the moment of the menopausal of the beginning of the pasca menopausal. Saliva as a potential diagnostic fluid for the assessment of osteoporosis biomarker concentrations. The study found elevated three classic warning signs for osteoporosis as OC, Dpd and II 6 in the saliva of sheep without ovaries, which were similar to the levels of signs found in their blood and urine. Expectations, that the test may become available within five years and one day the test may be able to be performed at home like pregnancy test. Osteoporosis biomarker in saliva suggested detected of bone mass density easier. Beside that can used as a metode of early diagnostic and as a monitor therapy that as salinity of the examinations of bone mass on radiology."

"Cancer detection medium such as serum & biopsy often make patient uncooperative due to lack of safety, convenience & economic. This condition causes cancer to be detected at late stadium & causes death. This paper discusses the role of saliva as cancer detection medium of choice. Some tumor markers have been identified in saliva such as c-erbB-2, CA 15-3, p53 & CA 125. Each corresponds to certain type of cancer. These tumor markers are protein, thus the use of saliva to detect cancer can utilize protein analysis technique such as ELISA. ELISA can be used for early detection & monitoring of the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment by showing the expression of c-erbB-2 & CA 15-3 in saliva. Saliva has high potential as cancer detection medium & cancer treatment monitor, especially breast cancer. Further various researches are needed for different tumor marker with other protein analysis technique."