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Abstrak :
Pengadaan BBM yang disubsidi pemerintah dan digunakan umumnya oleh masyarakat kurang mampu sebagai sumber energi untuk kegiatan sehari-hari sangat besar dan membebani keuangan negara seiring dengan penurunan produksi minyak mentah domestik dan krisis energi pasca perang teluk II. Upaya subsidi pemerintah yang mencapai 60 trilyun rupiah/tahun kepada masyarakat kurang mampu sering mengalami kendala dalam pendistribusiannya seperti terjadinya kelangkaan yang terjadi tidak hanya di daerah terpencil, tetapi juga di kota besar seperti Medan. Untuk menjamin alokasi BBM sesuai dengan kebutuhan riil di masyarakat, perlu dilakukan suatu kajian dengan memperhitungkan faktor-faktor yang terkait. Pemilihan kota Medan didasarkan atas pertimbangan bahwa Medan adalah salah satu kota besar di Indonesia dengan intensitas pemakaian BBM yang cukup tinggi. Dalam makalah ini akan dibahas mengenai proyeksi kebutuhan premium dan solar beserta rencana pengembangan infrastruktur SPBU dalam lingkup kotamadya Medan. Proyeksi dilakukan dengan melakukan analisis terhadap demografis daerah yang bersangkutan berdasarkan besarnya jumlah penduduk, Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) panjang jalan, intensitas pemakaian BBM serta elastisitas konsumsi BBM terhadap PDRB dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Minitab Powersim dan Simulasi Monte Carlo. ......Subsidized kerosene, which is generally consumed by poor people in Indonesia as an energy source and daily needs, is very big and give load to national finance as a result of a decline in crude oil production and world energy crisis post gulf war II. Goverment subsidize effort which has reached 60 trilyun rupiah/years have problem in distribusion like lack that has been recently happened, not only in remote area, but also in big city like Medan. In order to guarantee the fuel alocation match with the real demand in society, it need a study which consider the variables that influence the fuel demand. The election of Medan based on consideration that Medan is one of the big city in Indonesia with the high intensity of fuel demand. In this paper will be discussed about the forecast of fuel and diesel demand with the plan development of fuel station in Medan region. The forecast is done with the analysis of the region?s demographic based on the sum of the population, Gross National Product (GDP), road length, fuel intensity and the elasticity of of fuel consumtion with the GDP using software minitab, powersim and Monte Carlo simulation.

Abstrak :
Kelemahan dari penggunaan biomassa sebagai bahan bakar kompor biomassa adalah tingginya emisi CO yang dihasilkan akibat pembakaran yang kurang sempurna yang terjadi pada biomassa tersebut. Penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa dengan membuat kompor biomassa dengan metode Top Lit-Up Draft Gasifier, dapat mengurangi emisi CO sampai dibawah 20 ppm dan waktu ignisi kompor yang lebih cepat sekitar kurang dari 1 menit. Metode penelitian yang akan digunakan adalah membuat modifikasi sistem pencampuran udara dengan bahan bakar di ruang pembakaran menggunakan gas wick sehingga menghasilkan pembakaran lebih sempurna. Gas wick yang digunakan memiliki diameter masing-masing 9 cm dan 11 cm sehingga akan membentuk anulus pada ruang pembakaran dengan luas penampang anulus yang berbeda pada masing-masing gas wick tersebut, yaitu dengan luas bukaan anulus sebesar 23,78% dan 48,98%. Gas analyzer digunakan untuk mengetahui emisi CO serta metode water boiling test untuk mengetahui efisiensi termal kompor. Hasil menunjukkan dengan gas wick berdiameter 11 cm dengan rasio antara udara primer dan sekunder sebesar 1,773 menunjukkan kinerja kompor yang paling baik dengan efisiensi termal sebesar 65,734%, suhu api rata-rata yang paling tinggi sebesar 702oC, dan rata-rata emisi CO fase pembakaran sebesar 20,692 ppm. ......The disadvantages of the use of biomass as fuel biomass gas stoves is the high CO emissions generated as a result of imperfect combustion that occurs in the biomass. Research that has been conducted shows that by making the biomass stove method Top Lit-Up Draft Gasifier, can reduce CO emissions to below 20 ppm and the time of ignition stove faster about less than 1 minute. To overcome these problems, modification of mixing system need to be made to make the air mixing with the fuel in the combustion chamber using gas wick resulting in more complete combustion. Gas wick that be used in this research had a diameter of 9 cm and 11 cm, respectively, so that it will form an annulus in the combustion chamber with different annulus cross-sectional area of ​​each gas wick, with the cross-sectional area of annulus are 23.78% and 48.98%, respectively. Gas analyzer is used to determine the emissions of CO and water boiling test method to determine the thermal efficiency of the stove. The results show the gas wick with diameter of 11 cm and the ratio between the primary and secondary air for 1.773, show the best stove performance with the termal efficiency of 65,734%, the average flame temperature of 702oC, and the average emission of CO on combustion phase of 20,692 ppm.

Abstrak :
One of the key challenges current biomaterials researchers face is identifying which of the dizzying number of highly specialized characterization tools can be gainfully applied to different materials and biomedical devices. Since this diverse marketplace of tools and techniques can be used for numerous applications, choosing the proper characterization tool is highly important, saving both time and resources. Characterization of biomaterials is a detailed and multidisciplinary discussion of the physical, chemical, mechanical, surface, in vitro and in vivo characterization tools and techniques of increasing importance to fundamental biomaterials research. Characterization of biomaterials will serve as a comprehensive resource for biomaterials researchers requiring detailed information on physical, chemical, mechanical, surface, and in vitro or in vivo characterization. The book is designed for materials scientists, bioengineers, biologists, clinicians and biomedical device researchers seeking input on planning on how to test their novel materials, structures or biomedical devices to a specific application. Chapters are developed considering the need for industrial researchers as well as academics.