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"This volume brings together state-of-the-art information on the role of secretions and emissions in different organs and organisms ranging from flowers and roots of plants to nematodes and human organs. The plant chapters relate information regarding the biochemistry of flower volatiles and root exudates, and their role in attracting pollinators and soil microbial communities respectively. Microbial chapters explain the biochemistry and ecology of quorum sensing and how microbial communities highly co-adapted to plants can aid in bio-energy applications by degrading ligno-cellulosic materials. Other chapters explain the biology of secretions by nematodes, algae and humans, among other organisms. "

"LATAR BELAKANG: Endometriosis merupakan penyakit ginekologi yang sering ditemukan pada perempuan usia reproduksi. Infertilitas, dismenorea dan nyeri pelvik diluar siklus haid merupakan keluhan utama yang berkaitan dengan endometriosis. Etiopatogenesis endometriosis belum sepenuhnya diketahui, diduga selain teori haid berbalik terdapat faktor genetik yang berperan. Adiponektin merupakan adipokin yang berperan meningkatkan sensitivitas insulin dan kemudian juga diketahui peranannya pada sistem imun yang merupakan inti dari patogenesis endometriosis. Berbagai penelitian menyebutkan hubungan kadar adiponektin serum dan polimorfisme gen adiponektin dengan endometriosis namun belum terdapat penelitian yang menghubungkan variasi genetik reseptor adiponektin dengan endometriosis.TUJUAN: Mengetahui distribusi SNP 219 gen AdipoR2 pada pasien dengan endometriosis dan tanpa endometriosis dan hubungan SNP 219 gen AdipoR2 terhadap risiko endometriosisDESAIN DAN METODE: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kasus kontrol. Kelompok kasus adalah wanita usia reproduksi dengan endometriosis dan kelompok kontrol adalah wanita usia reproduksi tanpa endometriosis. Deteksi SNP 219 gen AdipoR2 dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik PCR-RFLP. Distribusi genotipe pada kedua kelompok dibandingkan.HASIL: Didapatkan 75 sampel terdiri dari 39 kasus dan 36 kontrol. Pada kelompok kasus didapatkan genotipe A/A pada 7 (18,4%) subyek, A/T pada 24 (63,2%) subyek dan T/T pada 7 (18,4%) subyek. Pada kelompok kontrol didapatkan genotipe A/A 10 (27%) subyek, A/T pada 22 (59,5%) subyek dan T/T pada 5 (13,5%) subyek

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BACKGROUND : Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological disorder found on women in reproductive age. Chief complaints such as infertility, dysmenorrhea and chronic pelvic pain are known to be endometriosis-related. Etiopathogenesis of endometriosis is not fully understood yet, retrograde menstruation is well accepted as etiology of endometriosis, although other factor such as genetic factor may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Adiponectin is substance produced by adipocyte tissue which promote insulin sensitivity and scavenger activity which involves in endometriosis pathogenesis. Low adiponectin resulted in insulin resistence which plays a role in endometriosis pathogenesis. Many studies show correlation between level of serum adiponectin and adiponectin gene polymorphism with endometriosis. But there is little evidence on correlation between adiponectin receptor gene polymorphism with endometriosis.

PURPOSE: To know distribution and correlation of SNP 219 adipoR2 gene in patient with endometriosis

DESIGN AND METHOD: This is a case-control study. The case group consist of reproductive age women with endometriosis while the control group consist of reproductive age without endometriosis. Detection of SNP 219 adipoR2 gene was performed using PCR-RFLP technique. Genotype distribution was compared between the two groups.

RESULT: 75 samples were obtained, 39 cases and 36 controls. In cases group A/A genotype was found in 7 (18,4%) subjects, A/T in 24 (63,2%) subjects and T/T in 7 (18,4%) subjects. In control group, A/A genotype was found in 10 (27%) subjects, A/T in 22 (59,5%) subjects and T/T in 5 (13,5%) subjects.

CONCLUSION: No correlation between SNP 219 AdipoR2 gene with risk of endometriosis"

"Latar belakang: MRCP merupakan teknik pencitraan tidak invasif untuk mengevaluasi anatomi dan mendeteksi kelainan sistem bilier. Cairan di saluran bilier akan memperlihatkan sinyal yang tinggi pada MRCP. Salah satu keterbatasan pemeriksaan MRCP ialah cairan di saluran gastrointestinal juga memberikan sinyal tinggi yang dapat mengganggu evaluasi saluran bilier. Sari buah nanas dapat menjadi kontras oral negatif untuk menurunkan sinyal di gastrointestinal. Belum terdapat penelitian penggunaan sari buah nanas pada pemeriksaan MRCP di Indonesia dan belum terdapat penelitian yang menilai visualisasi cabang-cabang duktus intrahepatikus setelah pemberian sari buah nanas. Tujuan: Mengukur perbedaan SNR gaster dan duodenum serta perubahan tingkat visualisasi cabang-cabang duktus bilier intrahepatikus sesudah pemberian sari buah nanas pada pemeriksaan MRCP. Metode: Dilakukan pemeriksaan MRCP sebelum dan sesudah pemberian sari buah nanas pada subjek penelitian. Mengukur perbedaan rerata SNR gaster dan duodenum serta mengukur perubahan tingkat visualisasi cabang-cabang duktus bilier intrahepatikus sebelum dan sesudah pemberian sari buah nanas. Perbedaan rerata SNR gaster dan duodenum dianalisis menggunakan uji Wilcoxon dan perubahan tingkat visualisasi dianalisis dengan uji McNemar untuk menilai diskordans. Hasil: Didapatkan 25 subjek penelitian yang menjalani pemeriksaan MRCP sebelum dan sesudah pemberian sari buah nanas. Terdapat penurunan bermakna SNR gaster dan duodenum setelah pemberian sari buah nanas, 127,1 (18,7-1194,6) menjadi 42.2 (4,2-377,1) untuk gaster dan 64,1 (3,8-613.4) menjadi 44,6 (6,5-310,3) untuk duodenum (p < 0,05). Terdapat perubahan bermakna tingkat visualisasi duktus bilier intrahepatikus (p < 0,05, diskordans >50%) dengan peningkatan tingkat visualisasi duktus intrahepatikus kanan segmen anterior pada 66% pengamatan, duktus intrahepatikus kanan segmen posterior pada 58% pengamatan, dan 70% pengamatan untuk duktus intrahepatikus kiri. Simpulan: Pemberian sari buah nanas dapat menurunkan sinyal gaster dan duodenum pada pemeriksaan MRCP dan mempengaruhi tingkat visualisasi cabang-cabang duktus bilier intrahepatikus.

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Background: MRCP is a non-invasive imaging technique for evaluating anatomy and detecting abnormalities of the biliary system. Fluid in biliary tract will show high signal on MRCP. One of the limitations of MRCP is high signal in gastrointestinal fluid which can interfere biliary tract evaluation. Pineapple juice as negative oral contrast can reduce signal in gastrointestinal tract. There have been no studies on the use of pineapple juice for MRCP in Indonesia, and no studies assessed the visualization of intrahepatic ductal branches after administration of pineapple juice. Objective: Measuring difference in gastric and duodenal SNR and changes of visualization of intrahepatic biliary ductal branches after administration of pineapple juice on MRCP. Methods: MRCP before and after administration of pineapple juice were performed on subjects. Gastric and duodenal SNR mean difference were measured, and analysis were done with Wilcoxon test. Level of visualization of intrahepatic biliary ductal branches were also measured and analysed with McNemar test for discordances. Results: There were 25 subjects underwent MRCP. Gastric and duodenal SNR were statistically decreased after administration of pineapple juice, 127.1 (18.7-1194.6) vs 42.2 (4.2-377.1) and 64.1 (3.8-613.4) vs 44.6 (6.5-310.3) respectively (p <0.05). Statistically significant difference was observed in visualization of intrahepatic ductal branches (p<0,05), discordance >50%) with increase in visualization of right duct anterior segment in 66% observation, right duct posterior segment in 58% observation, and 70% observation in left intrahepatic bile duct. Conclusion: Use of pineapple juice as negative oral contrast significantly reduce gastric and duodenal signal in MRCP also affect visualization of the intrahepatic biliary duct branches.

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"Understanding live cells at the single molecule level is the most important and single major challenge facing biology and medicine today. Opening with an explanation of Materials and Methods, this book then moves through discussions of porosome discovery, calcium and SNARE-induced fusion, and vesicle swelling. "