Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Salacca sumatrana(Becc.), known locally as the Sidimpuan snakefruit, is one of the specialties prime local commodities of Padang sidimpuan City in Sumatra. The fruit is known for its sweet, sour and astring ent taste which differentiates it from Pondoh and Balinese snake fruits. Recently,the snake fruit farmers have noticed a continuous decrease in production resulting from the failure in its fruit-setting, particularly during the off-season. The use of fertilization and drip irrigation in the off-season had been currently explored as part of the solution. Hence, this research investigates the use of thesemethodsin over coming the fruit setting failure and guaranteeing sub sequent production of Sidimpuan snake fruit all-year round. Specifically, this study aimed to determine the optimal dosage of ammonium sulfate fertilizer and drip irrigation for fruit setting during the off-season. This research used a split-plot design with the main plot for drip irrigation and the subplot for ammonium sulfate. The observed parameters included the number of flower and fruit bunches, fruit set percentage and a nutrient analysis of the leaves.Drip irrigation significantly affected the fruit setting percentage and the number of harvested fruit bunches. The best treatment combination was at 400 g ammonium sulfate fertilizer perplant and drip irrigation of 3,000 mL/plant. The fertilization period in July-September produced an offseason harvest that was comparable to the fruit set percentage(10.76% difference) and number of fruit bunches (25.65% difference) that were observed in the April-June fertilization for the on-season harvest. This indicated that applying ammonium sulfate with drip irrigation could overcome fruit set failure in Sidimpuan snake fruit, particularly, during the off-season."

"PT. X mengembangkan sistem powderisasi timah (timah putih, Sn) melalui metode atomisasi gas. Sisa output yang off-spec masih memiliki kandungan timah sekitar 98%. Terdapat peluang yang cukup besar dalam pengolahan limbah powderisasi timah ini menjadi senyawa turunan timah bernilai tambah tinggi, salah satunya katalis. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengolahan limbah powderisasi timah menjadi prekursor katalis sulfated tin oxide. Limbah powderisasi timah berupa powder timah yang off-spec dilakukan pretreatment leaching untuk mendapatkan senyawa SnCl2. SnCl2 yang dihasilkan diproses lebih lanjut menjadi SnSO4. Katalis sulfated tin oxide disintesis dari SnSO4 menggunakan metode kalsinasi. Uji aplikasi katalis dilakukan pada reaksi esterifikasi asam asetat. Senyawa turunan timah yang dihasilkan dianalisis menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray, dan Optical Microscopy untuk mendapatkan struktur morfologi kristal dan komposisi senyawanya. Analisis gugus fungsi dilakukan pada uji Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy sementara sifat termal dianalisis menggunakan Differential Thermal Analysis. Hasilnya diperoleh SnCl2 dengan yield 95%, SnSO4 berbentuk kristal dengan penambahan plasticizer PEG 6000 dengan ukuran 187-329 μm, serta katalis sulfated tin oxide dengan ukuran 27-72 nm. Aplikasi katalis pada reaksi esterifikasi asam asetat dengan etanol menghasilkan konversi sebesar 35,7 % dan 41,5%.

---

X company developed a tin powderization system through the gas atomization method. The remaining off-spec output still has a tin content of around 98%. There is considerable opportunity in processing this tin powder waste into a high value-added tin derivative, one of which is a catalyst. Therefore, this research carried out the processing of tin powder waste into precursor sulfated tin oxide catalysts. The tin powder waste in the form of off-spec tin powder was carried out pretreatment leaching to obtain SnCl2 compounds. The SnCl2 produced is further processed into SnSO4. The sulfated tin oxide catalyst was synthesized from SnSO4 using a calcination method. The catalyst application test is carried out on the reaction of esterification of acetic acid. The resulting tin derivative was analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray, and Optical Microscopy to obtain the crystal morphological structure and composition of its compounds. Functional group analysis was performed in the Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy test while thermal properties were analyzed using Differential Thermal Analysis. The results obtained are SnCl2 with a yield of 95%, SnSO4 is crystalline with the addition of PEG 6000 plasticizer with a size of 187-329 μm, and sulfated tin oxide catalyst with a size of 27-72 nm. The application of the catalyst in the esterification reaction of acetic acid with ethanol resulted in conversions of 35.7% and 41.5%, respectively."

"Pendahuluan. Glukosamin, Kondroitin sulfat dan Methylsufonylmethane (MSM) merupakan suplemen yang sering diberikan pada pasien osteoarhritis (OA) derajat I dan II. Organisasi kedokteran seperti AAOS, OARSI, EULAR memberikan rekomendasi yang berbeda tentang penggunaannya. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menilai efektivitas Glukosamin-Kondroitin sulfat (GK) dan GKM terhadap perbaikan klinis pasien OA sendi lutut.Bahan dan Cara Kerja. Studi ini merupakan uji klinis acak tersamar ganda pada 147 pasien dengan OA lutut derajat Kellgren-Lawrence I atau II. Subjek dipilih dengan metode randomisasi dengan blok permutasi ke tiga kelompok yaitu GK (n=49), GKM (n=50) dan plasebo (n=48). Obat-obatan ini diberikan sekali sehari selama 3 bulan berturut-turut. Skor VAS dan WOMAC dinilai sebelum pemberian suplemen, kemudian minggu ke 4, 8, dan 12.Hasil. Rata-rata usia pasien adalah 61 tahun, dimana 67,3% pasien adalah perempuan. Bila dibandingkan terhadap Skor WOMAC pada kelompok Plasebo, kelompok GKM menurunkan skor WOMAC secara signifikan (perbedaan rerata 7.15, IK 12.06-2.23, p=0.005). Kelompok GK menurunkan Skor WOMAC secara signifikan (perbedaan rerata 8.17, IK 13.49-2.84, p=0.003). Sementara itu pada penilaian Skor VAS, kelompok GKM menurunkan skor secara signifikan terhadap dua kelompok lain, yaitu terhadap kelompok GK secara signifikan (perbedaan rerata 0.68, IK 1.18-0.19, p=0.007), dan Plasebo (perbedaan rerata 0.86, IK 1.37-0.35, p=0.001).Simpulan. Kombinasi suplemen GKM lebih efektif dalam menurunkan nyeri dan meningkatkan fungsi pada pasien OA sendi lutut derajat I dan II dibandingkan dengan GK dan plasebo. Sedangkan suplemen GK secara keseluruhan tidak lebih baik dibandingkan dengan plasebo dalam memberikan perbaikan klinis pada pasien OA sendi lutut derajat Kellgren Lawrence I-II.

---

Introduction. Glucosamine-Chondroitin sulfate-Methylsufonylmethane (MSM) as combination are the most popular supplements for patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). There are emerging controversies and also different recomendation from many medical associations such as AAOS, OARSI, and EULAR regarding the effectiveness of these supplements. This current study evaluated the efficacy of Glucosamine-Chondroitin sulfate (GC), Glucosamine-Chondroitin-MSM (GCM), and placebo on clinical improvement of patients with knee OA Kellgren Lawrence gr I-II.

Material and Methods. This study was a double blind, randomized controlled clinical trial on 147 patients with knee OA Kellgren-Lawrence grade I-II. Subjects were allocated by permuted block randomization to three groups, either GC (n=49), or GCM (n=50), or placebo (n=48). VAS and WOMAC score were measured before treatment, then at 4 th, 8 th and 12th week after treatment.

Result. Mean age of patients was 61 years, and 67,3% were woman. As compared with Placebo group, WOMAC score in GCM group was significantly lower (MD 7.15, CI 12.06-2.23, p=0.005), and in GC group WOMAC Score was also lower (mean difference 8.17, CI 13.49-2.84, p=0.003). Whereas VAS score in GCM group was significantly lower compared to that in GC group (MD 0.18, CI 1.18-0.19, p=0.007) and also compared with Placebo group (MD 0.86, CI 1.37-0.35, p=0.001).

Conclusions. Combinations of GCM made a clinical improvement in patients with knee OA Kellgren Lawrence gr I-II compared with GC and Placebo. GC did not make clinical improvement in overall groups of patients with knee OA Kellgren Lawrence gr I-II."

"ABSTRAKGlukosamin hidroklorida dan kondroitin sulfat merupakan senyawa glikosaminoglikan (GAGs) yang merupakan komponen struktural utama dari tulang yang akan membentuk proteoglikan. Kedua senyawa ini dapat merawat kesehatan tulang dengan menstimulasi sintesis cairan sinovial dan menghambat degradasi kartilage persendian, sehingga dapat digunakan untuk terapi osteoartritis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh metode analisis yang selektif untuk penetapan kadar glukosamin hidroklorida dan kondroitin sulfat dalam sediaan tablet dan krim. Setelah diderivatisasi menggunakan pereaksi ortoftalaldehida dan 2-merkaptoetanol (OPA/2-ME), sampel dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT) dengan detektor fluoresensi pada panjang gelombang eksitasi 335 nm dan panjang gelombang emisi 445 nm. Glukosamin mempunyai gugus amin primer sehingga dapat diderivatisasi dengan OPA/2-ME, sedangkan kondroitin mempunyai gugus asetil pada gugus amin, sehingga perlu dilakukan deasetilasi menggunakan natrium hidroksida untuk memutus gugus asetil. Fase gerak yang digunakan tetrahidrofuran 0,25% dalam air-asetonitril (87:13) dengan laju alir 1,5 mL/menit. Kondisi analisis yang telah dioptimasi kemudian divalidasi mencakup akurasi, presisi, linieritas, selektivitas, batas deteksi, dan batas kuantitasi. Hasil menunjukkan kadar rata-rata glukosamin hidroklorida dan kondroitin sulfat pada sediaan tablet dan krim adalah 92,76%; 96,11% dan 101,15%; 100,33% memenuhi syarat keberterimaan.

---

ABSTRAKGlucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulphate are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) compound which is a major structural component of bone that form proteoglycans. Both of these compounds can take care of bone health by stimulating the synthesis of synovial fluid and inhibit the degradation of joint cartilage, so it can be used for the treatment of osteoarthritis. The aimed of this study were obtain selective analytical method for the determination of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulphate levels in tablet and cream dosage forms. After derivatization using orthophtalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol (OPA/2-ME), samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector at excitation wavelength of 335 nm and emission wavelength of 445 nm.. Glucosamine has a primary amine group that can be derivatized with OPA/2-ME, while chondroitin having an acetyl group at the amine group, so we needed deacetylation using natrium hydroxide to break the acetyl group. The mobile phase used tetrahydrofuran 0.25% in water-acetonitrile (87:13) with a flow rate 1.5 mL/min. Analysis conditions have been optimized, validated in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, selectivity, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. The results showed average levels of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulphate in tablet and cream dosage forms were 92.76%; 96.11% and 101.15%; 100.33% and fulfilled the acceptance criteria."

"ABSTRAKKurkumin merupakan senyawa polifenol yang umumnya terdapat padarimpang kunyit (Curcuma longa L.). Setelah pemberian peroral, kurkumin dalamtubuh akan segera dimetabolisme melalui proses reduksi maupun konjugasi. Olehkarena itu, kadar kurkumin di dalam darah sangat kecil sehingga diperlukan metodebioanalisis yang selektif dan sensitif. Metode Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Ultra Tinggi? Tandem Spektrometer Massa (KCKUT-SM/SM) yang spesifik dan cepat telahdikembangkan dan divalidasi untuk menetapkan kadar kurkumin dalam plasmamanusia menggunkan diazepam sebagai baku dalam. Pemisahan dilakukanmenggunakan kolom C18 Acquity® Waters, UPLC BEH 1,7 μm, 2,1 x 100 mm, fasegerak asam format 0,15% - Asetonitril (50:50), laju alir 0,5 mL/menit dengan metodepreparasi sampel ekstraksi cair-cair menggunakan campuran larutan etil asetatmetanol(95:5). Mode ionisasi yang digunakan adalah multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) dengan mode Electrospray ionization positif dengan nilai m/z berturut-turut369,05 > 176,95 dan m/z 284,95 > 193 untuk kurkumin dan diazepam. Metodebioanalisis menunjukkan presisi dan akurasi yang baik dengan nilai % KV dan % bias< 15% untuk semua konsentrasi (QCL, QCM dan QCH) dengan nilai kurva kalibrasiyang linear (r = 0,999) pada rentang 1 ? 100 ng/mL dan nilai LLOQ untuk senyawakurkumin sebesar 1,0 ng/mL. Metode ini telah diaplikasikan untuk menentukkankadar kurkumin dalam plasma 1 orang sehat yang telah diberi sediaan kurkumin 1800mg. Dari penelitian diperoleh hasil tidak ditemukannya kurkumin dalam bentukbebas, tetapi bentuk kurkumin terglukuronidasi dan tersulfatasi. Perbandingan antarajumlah terglukuronidasi dan tersulfatasi 4:1. Metode analisis yang diperoleh sudahmemenuhi kriteria validitas menurut Guidance EMEA 2011 dengan sensitivitas yangtinggi sehingga dapat diaplikasikan untuk studi in-vivo.

---

ABSTRACTCurcumin is a polyphenol, found in the spice turmeric from the rhizome of the herbCurcuma Longa. After oral administration, Curcumin undergoes rapid metabolism byconjugation and reduction. Curcumin levels are generally low so that the requiredbioanalytical method is selective and sensitive. A simple, specific and rapid UPLCMS/MS method has been developed and validated for the estimation of curcumin inhuman plasma, using diazepam as internal standard (IS). The separation using UPLCBEH C18 column 1.7 μm, 2,1 x 100 mm Acquity® Waters; 0.15% formic acid -acetonitril (50:50, v/v) as mobile phase; flow rate 0.5 mL/min; using liquid-liquidextraction with the mixture of ethyl acetate-methanol (95:5) for the samplepreparation. The ionization mode using electrospray ionization (ESI) detection inmultiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive ionization mode. The MS/MS iontransitions monitored were m/z 369.05 >176.95 and 284.95 > 193 for curcumin anddiazepam respectively. The method was proved to be precise and accurate (expressedas coefficient of variation, % CV and differentiation, % diif) was < 15% for allconcentration (QCL, QCM and QCH) with a coefficient correlation ( r = 0.999)and linearity range of 1 ? 100 ng/mL, LLOQ for curcumin was 1 ng/mL. TheMethod was applicated to determine the level of curcumin in healthy subject afteroral administration 1800 mg of curcumin dosage form. No Free curcumin wasdetected in plasma sample, but curcumin glucuronides and sulfates were detected inplasma subject. The ratio of glucuronide to sulfate was 4: 1. The analytical methodfullfilthe criteria of validity by the EMEA Guidance 2011 with high sensitivity and itwould be applicable to in-vivo study."

"ABSTRAKTulang rawan merupakan limbah yang dihasilkan industri perikanan dan peternakan di Indonesia. Tulang rawan merupakan sumber glikosaminoglikan (GAG) yang baik. GAG yang terkandung dalam tulang ikan sebagian besar terdiri dari kondroitin-4-sulfat dan kondroitin-6-sulfat dalam bentuk proteoglikan (Garnjanagoonchorn, 2007). Kondroitin sulfat adalah polimer yang terjadi alami dalam tubuh manusia, terutama di bagian tulang rawan dan sendi, namun berkurang produksinya karena pertambahan usia (Lauder, 2009). Kondroitin sulfat juga banyak digunakan sebagai suplemen makanan karena sudah banyak diteliti manfaatnya untuk kesehatan tulang rawan dan pengobatan osteoartritis yang aman bagi tubuh, dengan mekanisme kerjanya yaitu meningkatkan konsentrasi GAG sendi dan meningkatkan viskositas cairan sendi dan membantu menjaga tulang rawan dengan menyerap cairan ke dalam jaringan ikat sehingga merangsang pertumbuhan tulang yang baru. Hingga saat ini masih banyak permasalahan mengenai ekstraksi kondroitin sulfat selain karena sumbernya menghasilkan yield yang beragam. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ekstraksi mekanokemikal, yang dapat mengambil molekul kondroitin sulfat dari matriks tulang tanpa mengubah bentuk molekulnya karena adanya zat kimia sebagai solvennya. Cara ekstraksi secara mekanokemikal tidak menggunakan solven beracun yang dapat membahayakan tubuh manusia, sehingga dapat dikonsumsi dengan aman. Produk dari teknologi ekstraksi kondroitin sulfat secara mekanokemikal dari limbah ikan patin, ikan salmon, dan ikan kakap ini diharapkan dapat membantu mengatasi berbagai masalah tulang sendi yang dialami penderita dengan aman, mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan dari limbah industri pengalengan dan pengeringan ikan, serta tersedia dalam jumlah banyak di pasaran bebas dan dapat diperoleh dengan harga yang jauh lebih ekonomis sehingga dapat menjangkau masyarakat luas.

---

ABSTRACTCartilage is the waste produced by the fisheries and farms in Indonesia. Cartilage is an excellent source of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). GAG that is contained in fish bone consists mostly of chondroitin-4- sulfate and chondroitin-6-sulfate in the form of proteoglycans (Garnjanagoonchorn, 2007). Chondroitin sulfate is a polymer that existed naturally in the human body, particularly in the cartilage and joints, but the production decreases due to aging (Lauder, 2009). Chondroitin sulfate is also widely used as a dietary supplement since some studies show that it has many health benefits for cartilage and osteoarthritis treatment which is safe for the body, with its mechanism of action that increases the concentration of GAG in joints, increase joint’s fluid viscosity, and helps keep cartilage to absorb fluid into the connective tissue, thus stimulating the growth of new cartilage. Until now there are still many problems concerning the extraction of chondroitin sulfate in addition to the source-yielding variety. Extraction methods used in this study is the mechanochemical extraction, which could extract chondroitin sulfate molecule from bone matrix without changing the structure of the target molecule for the minimal use of chemical substances as its solvent. Mechanochemical extraction does not use toxic solvents, which can be harmful for the human body, so it can be consumed safely. The mechanochemical extraction of chondroitin sulfate technology is performed on industrial waste of catfish, salmon, and snapper and the product is expected to safely help overcome various joint problems experienced by patients, reduce environmental pollution from fish canning and drying industrial waste, and is available in large quantities on the market and can be obtained at a much more economical price so as to reach the wider community. "

"Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh penambahan natrium sulfat dan sulfur terhadap reduksi karbotermik selektif pada ilmenit dan bimomassa. Telah direduksi sebanyak tiga belas sampel dengan variasi persentase penambahan aditif dengan kenaikan 1,5%, jenis ilmenit dan lama waktu milling. Reduktor yang digunakan yaitu bimoassa dari pulverized cangkang kelapa sawit, sedangkan CMC sebagai binder. Sampel direduksi pada temperatur 120oC pada kondisi inert selama 60 menit. Berdasarkan karakterisasi XRD, diperoleh fasa dominan yaitu besi dan ferros-pseudobrookite.  Hasil uji SEM memperlihatkan agregasi dan pertumbuhan partikel besi lebih baik dengan penambahan natrium sulfat daripada sulfur, dan waktu proses mechanochemical yang lama. Berdasarkan analisa Image-J diperoleh nilai tertinggi untuk luas rata-rata yaitu 73,78 mm2 pada penambahan natrium sulfat. Sedangkan nilai tertinggi dengan penambahan sulfur yaitu 36,57 mm2. Selain itu, nilai recovery dan kadar pada Fe dan Ti dibedakan pada fasa metalik dan fasa terak. Untuk nilai recovery dan kadar Ti bukan dalam bentuk logam akan tetapi dalam fasa bentuk fasa TiO2, FeTiO3, FeTi2O5, dan MgTi2O5. Pada fasa metalik, nilai tertinggi recovery (%) Fe dan Ti berturut-turut yaitu 92,82 dan 22,46. Sedangkan untuk nilai kadar (%) Fe dan Ti berturut-turut yaitu 94,20 dan 18,91. Disisi lain, pada fasa terak, nilai tertinggi recovery (%) Fe dan Ti berturut-turut yaitu 42,00 dan 98,51. Sedangkan untuk nilai kadar (%) Fe dan Ti berturut-turut yaitu 17,33 dan 70,45.

---

This study examined the effect of adding sodium sulfate and sulfur to selective carbothermic reduction on ilmenite and biomass. Thirteen samples have been reduced by adding additive doses with an increase of 1.5%, ilmenite type and length of milling time. The reductors used are biomass from pulverized palm oil shell, while CMC is a binder. Samples were reduced at a temperature of 1200oC in an inert condition for 60 minutes. Based on XRD characterization, the dominant phase is iron and ferros-pseudobrookite. The SEM test results show that the aggregation and growth of iron particles is better with the addition of sodium sulfate than sulfur, and the long process time of the mechanochemical process. Based on Image-J analysis, the highest value for the average area was 73.78 mm2 for the addition of sodium sulfate. While the highest value with the addition of sulfur is 36.57 mm2. In addition, the recovery and grade in Fe and Ti are distinguished from the metallic phase and the slag phase. For recovery and grade of Ti not in metal form but in phase form phase TiO2, FeTiO3, FeTi2O5, and MgTi2O5. In the metallic phase, the highest recovery (%) in Fe and Ti were 92.82 and 22.46, respectively. Whereas for the grade (%) in Fe and Ti 94.20 and 18.91, respectively. On the other hand, in the slag phase, the best recovery (%) in Fe and Ti were 42.00 and 98.51, respectively. Whereas for the grade of (%) Fe and Ti 17.33 and 70.45, respectively."