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"This article describes and analyzes the activities and impact of the Seikatsu Club movement in Japan, a social and political movement of Japanese women. Based on our analysis, we attempt to demonstrate the following conclusions: 1. The Seikatsu movement has been remarkable as a vehicle for recruiting and mobilizing women locally both in community activities and electoral politics. 2. For many women, participating in the public, political sphere is transformational and for a smaller minority, values and goals have been redefined and they have gained a new sense of empowerment. For the latter group of 'New Women', greater gender consciousness appears to be developing. 3. While the movement's goals and those of many individuals within it are challenging to prevailing Japanese politics and economics, there are contradictions. Organizationally, hierarchy and paternalistic male leadership have been dominant, despite the formally democratic structure. And aspects of the movement's ideology (e.g. linkage to domestic producers, non-professional housewives seeking electoral office) are profoundly conservative. 4. The movement has demonstrated considerable success at the ballot box in local areas in recent years, although its geographic scope and numerical depth remains limited. Still, it is among the few non-party groups of independents to attain increased representation at the local level. However, commitment to electoral rotation and income sharing may limit the growth of female professional politicians arising from the Seikatsu movement. 5. Seikatsu-elected proxies have achieved incremental policy impact on a number of issues at the local level and movement groups have become active as service providers and policy implementers as well through new administrative partnerships with sympathetic mayors and bureaucrats."

"ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Hipoksia adalah kondisi dimana jaringan tubuh mengalami kekurangan oksigen. Hal ini dapat memicu pembentukan radikal bebas dan menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan. Antioksidan, contohnya enzim katalase diketahui memiliki kemampuan untuk menanggulangi radikal bebas. Enzim katalase berperan untuk mengubah hidrogen peroksida menjadi air dan oksigen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase pada jaringan otak tikus yang mengalami hipoksia sistemik berkelanjutan. Metodologi: Penelitian ini menggunakan 15 ekor tikus yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok, yaitu kontrol dan 4 kelompok perlakuan yang dipaparkan pada kondisi hipoksia sistemik selama 1, 3, 5, dan 7 hari. Aktivitas spesifik katalase pada jaringan otak tikus kemudian diukur menggunakan spektorofotometer. Data dianalisis secara statistik dengan uji one way ANOVA. Hasil: Hasil menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas spesifik katalase menurun pada 3 hari pertama secara bertahap dan meningkat secara bertahap pula pada hari selanjutnya, ke 5 dan 7. Akan tetapi tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang bermakna (p > 0.05, p= 0.293) diantara semua kelompok. Kesimpulan: aktivitas spesifik katalase jaringan otak pada penelitian ini tidak menunjukkan perubahan secara signifikan pada keadaan hipoksia sistemik berkelanjutkan.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Hypoxia is a condition of deprivation oxygen supply to the tissue. This condition leads to the formation of free radical and further lead to the tissue damage. Antioxidant, such as catalase enzyme, was known for its ability counter the free radical. Catalase enzyme works by converting hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. The aim of this study is to observe the specific activity of catalase enzyme in brain tissue of rats exposed to continuous systemic hypoxia. Methods: This study used 15 rats that was divided into 5 groups: the control, and 4 experimental groups that were exposed with hypoxia for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. The specific activity of catalase in brain tissue was then measured with spectrophotometer. The data were statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA test. Result: A steady decreased of specific activity of catalase in the first 3 days of exposure and then increase in the 5th and 7th days.. There were no significance differences between all groups (p>0.05, p=0.293 ). Conclusion: It is concluded that the specific activity of catalase in brain tissue of rats showed no significant changes during continuous systemic hypoxia."