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"Sepanjang sejarah hubungan internasional, kebijakan keamanan selalu berevolusi demi merespons kemunculan ancaman keamanan baru. Di abad ke-21, ancaman keamanan nontradisional berupa terorisme—dengan intifada kedua dan insiden 11 September sebagai titik puncaknya—memicu pergeseran kebijakan keamanan ke arah perang nonkonvensional. Salah satu kebijakan keamanan baru yang dinilai kontroversial adalah pembunuhan yang ditargetkan. Selama penggunaannya sebagai instrumen kontraterorisme, praktik ini menuai banyak kritik yang menganggap kebijakan ini ilegal, imoral, dan inefektif. Namun, tidak sedikit pula pihak yang berupaya mempertahankan legalitas, legitimasi, dan efektivitas praktik tersebut. Atas latar belakang ini, penulis merumuskan pertanyaan penelitian sebagai berikut: “bagaimana perkembangan literatur akademis tentang pembunuhan yang ditargetkan dalam konteks kontraterorisme?” Untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian tersebut, penulis melakukan tinjauan pustaka terhadap 27 literatur akademis terakreditasi internasional yang mengangkat isu ini dengan batasan waktu publikasi dari tahun 2000 sampai Juli 2021. Tulisan ini mengadopsi metode pengorganisasian literatur taksonomi untuk mempermudah penulis dalam mengintegrasikan perspektif interdisipliner dalam tinjauan pustaka ini serta memungkinkan penulis mengidentifikasi tema-tema yang masih kurang berkembang. Dengan menggunakan metode taksonomi, penulis memetakan tulisan-tulisan tersebut menjadi dua kategori: (1) dimensi normatif pembunuhan yang ditargetkan dalam kontraterorisme, yang dibagi menjadi tiga subtema berupa legalitas, legitimasi, dan transformasi faktor-faktor ideasional terkait pembunuhan yang ditargetkan; dan (2) efektivitas pembunuhan yang ditargetkan sebagai instrumen kontraterorisme. Penulis berargumen terdapat tiga masalah yang memunculkan kesenjangan penelitian dalam badan literatur pembunuhan yang ditargetkan, antara lain inkonsistensi fondasi konseptual, perbedaan paradigma kontraterorisme, dan ketimpangan tren pendirian literatur di antara kategori yang berbeda. Tinjauan pustaka ini menemukan enam karakteristik yang menggambarkan perkembangan diskursus akademis tentang pembunuhan yang ditargetkan dalam kontraterorisme: (1) lemahnya fondasi konseptual; (2) kesenjangan metodologis antarkategori; (3) pertentangan paradigma penegakan hukum dan perang; (4) derajat efektivitas yang sangat bervariasi; (5) konsistensi pendirian netral dalam literatur normatif; dan (6) diversifikasi pendirian dalam literatur praktis. Tulisan ini merekomendasikan penguatan kerja sama antara akademisi dan pelaku kebijakan untuk mengonsolidasi kajian tentang praktik ini, perumusan instrumen hukum internasional baru untuk meregulasi pembunuhan yang ditargetkan, identifikasi center of gravity kelompok teror dan hubungannya dengan praktik pembunuhan yang ditargetkan, serta merefleksikan praktik ini bagi kebijakan kontraterorisme Indonesia.......Throughout the history of international relations, security policy continues to evolve in response to emerging new security threats. In the 21st century, terrorism as a nontraditional security threat—with the second intifada and the September 11 attacks as its peaks—shifted the security policy towards nonconventional warfare. Targeted killing is among one of the controversial new security policies. In the course of its implementation as a counterterrorism instrument, this practice has been opposed for its perceived illegality, immorality, and inefficacy. Nevertheless, some scholars attempt to defend the legality, legitimacy, and effectivity of the practice. Against this backdrop, the author formulates the following research question: “how is the development of academic literature on targeted killing in counterterrorism context?” To answer the research question, the author conducts a literature review on 27 internationally accredited academic literature on this topic within the publication period of 2000 to July 2021. This paper adopts a taxonomy methodological approach to enable the author to integrate interdisciplinary perspective into the literatur review as well as to identify underdeveloped thematic categories. By utilizing taxonomy methods, the author divides the literature into two categories: (1) the normative dimension of targeted killing in counterterrorism, divided into three subthemes, namely legality, legitimacy, and ideational transformation of targeted killing; and (2) the effectivity of targeted killing as a counterterrorism instrument. The author argues three main issues gave rise to the research gaps in the body of literature on the topic, namely inconsistent conceptual foundation, differing counterterrorism paradigms, and disparity in the trends of literature stances across categories. The findings of this literature review identify six characteristics that portray the development of the academic discourse on targeted killing in counterterrorism: (1) a weak conceptual foundation; (2) a methodological gap between categories; (3) clashes between law enforcement and armed conflict paradigms; (4) varying degrees of effectivity; (5) consistency of neutral stance in the normative group; and (6) diversified literature stances among practical literature. This paper recommends for an intensification of cooperation between scholars and policymakers to consolidate studies on targeted killing, a formulation of a new international law instrument to regulate targeted killing, an identification of center of gravity in terror group and its relation to targeted killing practices, and a reflection of this practice for Indonesian counterterrorism efforts."

"Existing international law is capable to govern the ?war on terror? also in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. The standards generally applicable to targeted killings are those of human rights law. Force may be used in order to address immediate threats, preventive killings are permitted under strict preconditions but targeted killings are prohibited. In the context of armed conflicts, these standards are complemented by international humanitarian law as lex specialis. Civilians may only be targeted while directly taking part in hostilities and posing a threat to the adversary. Also in Israel and the occupied territory, these standards apply. Contrary to the Israeli supreme court?s view, international humanitarian law is not complemented by human rights law, but human rights law is, to some degree, complemented by international humanitarian law. According to these standards, many killings which would be legal according to the Israeli Supreme Court violate international law."

"Aplikasi drone di dalam konflik bersenjata merupakan hasil dari perkembangan teknologi militer modern, sekaligus perwujudan dari keinginan untuk menghindari korban jiwa kombatan maupun penduduk sipil. Secara fungsinya, drone tampil sebagai platform pengintaian dan platform serang. Legalitas dari penggunaan drone di medan pertempuran tersebut dapat ditelaah menggunakan Teori Perang Adil dan prinsip-prinsip dalam hukum humaniter internasional, baik dari keputusan untuk menggunakan drone sebagai alat militer maupun dari unsur-unsur yang ada pada diri drone. Aspek hukum drone juga dibahas dari sudut pandang praktik negara Amerika Serikat sebagai pihak utama yang mengembangkan teknologi drone militer dan mengoperasikan drone di dalam konflik bersenjata modern. Salah satu aplikasi drone di medan pertempuran dilakukan dalam bentuk operasi targeted killing, dimana drone secara aktif dioperasikan untuk memburu dan membunuh individu tertentu di medan pertempuran. Setidaknya sejak tahun 2002 Amerika Serikat, baik melalui angkatan bersenjata maupun lembaga intelijen CIA, telah mempraktikkan targeted killing dalam operasi kontraterorisme dalam kerangka "Perang Melawan Teror" di berbagai wilayah negara asing di Timur Tengah terhadap sejumlah aktor bukan negara seperti al-Qaeda, Taliban, dan ISIS. Israel juga diketahui telah mempraktikkan targeted killing dalam konteks kontraterorisme di wilayah Palestina terhadap teroris Hamas, utamanya di wilayah Jalur Gaza. Kedua negara menghadapi sejumlah persoalan hukum dalam menangani penggunaan drone dalam operasi targeted killing, baik hukum internasional maupun hukum domestik masing-masing.

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The application of drones in armed conflict are the result of the advancement of modern military technology, as well as manifestation of the need to avoid casualties of both combatants as well as civilians on the battlefield. Function-wise, drones are used as intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance platform and as a more offensive-oriented, weapon platform. The lawfulness of drones on the battlefield can be studied through Just War Theory and the principles of international humanitarian law. State practice also play a role in deciding their lawfulness, for American practice in developing military drone technology and applying them in the battlefield. One of their application involved targeted killing, in which particular individuals were to be hunted down and killed. At least since 2002, American armed forces as well as the Central Intelligence Agency engaged in targeted killing operation against non-state actors in various states in the Middle East, i.e. al-Qaeda, Taliban, and ISIS. Meanwhile, Israeli forces are also known to use targeted killing as counterterrorism method against Hamas and other Palestinian terrorists in Palestinian territory. Both states faced legal issues regarding the decision to employ drone in targeted killing operation, both in international law as well as their respective domestic law."