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"ABSTRAKToilet training merupakan salah satu tugas perkembangan anak usia toddler. Pencapaian toilet training dapat dihambat oleh penggunaan diaper pada anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara penggunaan diaper dengan pencapaian toilet training pada anak balita. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan teknik cluster sampling yang melibatkan 136 anak balita di RW 01 Pinang Ranti yang masih menggunakan diaper dalam sebulan terakhir. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa balita yang menggunakan diaper intensitas sebagian besar mengalami keterlambatan pencapaian toilet training (67,1%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara penggunaan diaper dengan pencapaian toilet training pada anak balita (p value= 0,000). Hasil penelitian ini merekomendasikan kepada orang tua untuk melatih toilet training sesuai dengan usia anak dengan cara mengurangi penggunaan diaper pada anak.

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ABSTRACTToilet training is one of the task of development of toddler. Achievement of toilet training can be inhibited by the use of diaper on the child. This study aims to determine the relationship between the use of diapers with the achievement of toilet training on children under five. This study used cross sectional design with a cluster sampling technique involving 136 children under five in RW 01 Pinang Ranti who still use diapers in the last month. This study shows that children who use diapers intensity mostly experienced a delay in the achievement of toilet training (67.1%). The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the use of diapers with the achievement of toilet training in children under five (p value = 0.000). The results of this study recommend parents to train toilet training children with age-appropriate by reducing the use of diaper on the child."

"ABSTRACTKarya tulis ini memaparkan hasil dari penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan karakteristik anak usia, jenis kelamin, usia mulai toilet training, riwayat mengompol keluarga dan status perkembangan , karakteristik ibu usia, status pekerjaan, pendidikan, status ekonomi, jumlah anak, status perkawinan, perilaku toilet training , dan kondisi lingkungan dengan kemampuan mengontrol eliminasi di Kelurahan Pangkalan Jati-Kecamatan Cinere Kota depok. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain observasional analitik dengan desain potong lintang Cross Sectional . Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah orang tua yang memiliki anak usia 4-6 tahun di kelurahan pangkalan jati yang dipilih secara cluster sampling. Hasil pengolahan data menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara karakteristik anak usia, jenis kelamin, dan status perkembangan , karakteristik orang tua perilaku pengenalan toilet training ibu dan kondisi lingkungan terhadap kemampuan mengontrol eliminasi pada anak. Diharapkan orang tua tahu mau dan mampu utuk mempersiapkan kondisi anak, orantua dan lingkungan yang nyaman untuk menunjang anak memiliki kemampuan mengontrol eliminasi pada usia yang tepat.

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ABSTRACTThis study aimed to identify relationship between children rsquo s characteristics age, sex, age of toilet training, familly wetting history and child development status , mother rsquo s characteristics age, employment status, education, economic status, number of children, marital status , toilet training behavior , and environmental lsquo s conditions with elimination control ability of preschool children in Pangkalan Jati, Cinere, Depok City. This study used analytic observational with cross sectional design. Sample of this study are parents who have children aged 4 6 years in Pangkalan Jati Village that selected by cluster sampling. The result showed that there are relationship between children rsquo s characteristics age, sex, and child development status , mother rsquo s characteristics toilet training behavior and environmental conditions wtih elimination control ability of preschool children. Parents are expected to know, will and be able to prepare the condition of childern, parents, and a confortable enviroment to support the child has the elimination control ability at the right age. "

"No two children experience the toilet-training process in exactly the same way. While some kids might be afraid to even go near the bathroom, others may master the actual act right away. "Stress-Free Potty Training" takes the anxiety out of this challenging rite of passage. The book differentiates the common childhood personality types, providing easy techniques to suit kids who are: goal-oriented, sensory-oriented, internalising, impulsive and strong-willed. Parents will find much needed advice to help them identify what ideas will work for their child's temperament. This straight-talking guide enables readers to help any child make this important life transition free of worry, and in the way that's right for them."

"[ABSTRAKKamar mandi dan toilet merupakan hal yang dekat dengan keseharian manusia dan idealnya ditempatkan pada setiap rumah tangga, akan tetapi pada pemukiman padat hal tersebut tidaklah memungkinkan. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut kegiatan mandi, cuci, dan buang air oleh pemerintah Indonesia dikomunalkan di MCK (Mandi, Cuci, Kakus). Disisi lain terdapat aspek budaya yang selalu mempengaruhi bentuk dan cara pemakaian kamar mandi dan toilet. Hubungan kedua hal tersebut menjadi fokus dari skripsi ini, yaitu bagaimana desain, tatanan ruang dan perilaku di dalam MCK merefleksikan budaya berupa nilai, tujuan dan kriteria dari institusi sosial dan masyarakat kampung Cikini.

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ABSTRACT

;Bathroom and toilet are important part of human?s everyday life and ideally it

placed in every household, but in high density environment that thing is

impossible to do. MCK (Mandi, Cuci, Kakus) is sanitation facility which are

being shared by community as a solution to the problem. In the other hand,

cultural aspect is always influences the design of bathroom and toilet, and the way

of using it. The focus of this thesis is relation between those two, how

organization of space and behavior in MCK reflects value, purpose, and criteria of

social institution and group of people.;Bathroom and toilet are important part of human?s everyday life and ideally it

placed in every household, but in high density environment that thing is

impossible to do. MCK (Mandi, Cuci, Kakus) is sanitation facility which are

being shared by community as a solution to the problem. In the other hand,

cultural aspect is always influences the design of bathroom and toilet, and the way

of using it. The focus of this thesis is relation between those two, how

organization of space and behavior in MCK reflects value, purpose, and criteria of

social institution and group of people., Bathroom and toilet are important part of human’s everyday life and ideally it

placed in every household, but in high density environment that thing is

impossible to do. MCK (Mandi, Cuci, Kakus) is sanitation facility which are

being shared by community as a solution to the problem. In the other hand,

cultural aspect is always influences the design of bathroom and toilet, and the way

of using it. The focus of this thesis is relation between those two, how

organization of space and behavior in MCK reflects value, purpose, and criteria of

social institution and group of people.]"

"ABSTRAKBuah belimbing manis (Averrhoa carambola L.) diketahui memiliki potensi aktivitas antioksidan yang baik karena mengandung berbagai senyawa fenol, flavonoid, serta vitamin C. Potensi ini dapat dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai produk kosmetika salah satunya yaitu sabun cair pembersih wajah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasi sari buah belimbing manis ke dalam tiga formula sabun pembersih wajah yaitu sebesar 1%, 3%, dan 5% yang kemudian dilakukan uji aktivitas antioksidan serta evaluasi dan uji stabilitas fisik dari sabun tersebut. Metode peredaman DPPH digunakan untuk mengetahui nilai IC50 baik dari sari buah belimbing manis maupun sabun cair. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kandungan fenol total sari buah belimbing manis adalah 8,681 mg GAE/g dan kandungan flavonoid total sebesar 9,206 mg QE/g. sementara nilai IC50 dari sari buah belimbing manis sebesar 97,0405 ppm. Sabun cair yang memiliki nilai IC50 terendah yaitu yang mengandung sari buah belimbing manis sebanyak 5% dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 18.071,91 ppm. Berdasarkan hasil uji stabilitas fisik sabun cair dengan kandungan sari 1% dan 3% stabil secara fisik dalam penyimpanan berbagai suhu dan cycling test. Sabun cair dengan kandungan sari 5% stabil secara fisik dalam penyimpanan suhu rendah dan suhu kamar serta cycling test, namun mengalami perubahan warna pada penyimpanan suhu tinggi setelah 6 minggu.

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ABSTRACTStar fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) are known to have potential antioxidant activity because it contains a variety of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and vitamin C. This potency can be utilized in a variety of cosmetic products, one of them is a face wash. This study aims to formulate a star fruit essence into three face wash formulas: 1%, 3%, and 5% then tested the antioxidant activity and evaluate them, then the physical stability test is carried out. DPPH method used to determine the IC50 value both from star fruit essence and face wash. The results showed the total phenol content of star fruit juice is 8,681 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content is 9,206 mg QE/g, while the IC50 value of star fruit essence is 97,0405 ppm. Face wash that has the lowest IC50 value is the one that containing 5% star fruit essence, with IC50 values 18.071,91 ppm. The physical stability test result showed, face wash that contain 1% and 3% star fruit essence are physically stable in storage at various temperatures and cycling test. Face wash with 5% star fruit essence is physically stable in storage at low temperature and room temperature as well as the cycling test, but the color changes on storage at high temperatures after 6 weeks.;"

"Topically applied products and medications can profoundly affect skin's barrier function and overall health. Bursting with suggestions to assist research and development, Innate Immune System of Skin and Oral Mucosa: Properties and Impact in Pharmaceutics, Cosmetics, and Personal Care Products provides a comprehensive overview on the innate immune system and its relevance to pharmaceutics, cosmetic chemistry, and personal care products. The book allows pharmaceutical and medical professionals to assess accumulated knowledge and develop an understanding that will pave the way for next generation treatment avenues, preventative approaches, and drug development. Part I of this book presents an overview emphasizing mechanisms for control of bacteria at the skin surface. This includes historical and ethical aspects of skin cleaning products.Part II of the book includes chapters discussing antimicrobial peptides and lipids in innate immunity of skin and mucosa. Part III deals with cellular components of innate immunity and the link between innate and adaptive immunity. Part IV deals with stressors that can influence innate immunity. These include radiation and oxidative stress, cosmetic formulations, and aging. Finally, microbial challenges are discussed in Part V."