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Abstrak :
[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pengaruh travel constraints terhadap destination image wisata leisure di Indonesia berdasarkan persepsi international youth travelers. Travel constraints dibentuk oleh empat dimensi, yaitu unfamiliarity, interpersonal, structural, dan intrapersonal. Destination image dibentuk oleh tiga dimensi, yaitu tourism infrastructure, hospitality atmosphere, dan unique cultural attractions. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap 100 orang responden yang berusia 18-35 tahun serta berkewarganegaraan Kanada, Korea Selatan, dan Perancis dengan metode PLS-SEM, independent T-test, dan ANOVA. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diketahui bahwa pertama, terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan dari travel constraints terhadap destination image wisata leisure di Indonesia. Kedua, ditemukan juga perbedaan persepsi travel constraints dan destination image wisata leisure Indonesia, yakni antara international youth travelers yang sudah dan yang belum berkunjung ke Indonesia dan antara international youth travelers dari negara Kanada, Korea Selatan, dan Perancis.;This research explores the influence of travel constraints toward destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia perceived by international youth travelers. Travel constraints are formed by for dimensions, which are unfamiliarity, interpersonal, structural, and intrapersonal. Destination image are formed by for dimensions, which are tourism infrastructure, hospitality atmosphere, and unique cultural attractions. A survey was conducted among 100 international youth travelers from Canada, South Korea, and France. The methods used in this research are PLS-SEM, independent T-test, and ANOVA. The findings of this research concluded that there is significant influence of travel constraints toward destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia. Moreover, there is different perception for travel constraints and destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia between international youth travelers who have been and have not been to Indonesia and also between international youth travelers from Canada, South Korea, and France. ;This research explores the influence of travel constraints toward destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia perceived by international youth travelers. Travel constraints are formed by for dimensions, which are unfamiliarity, interpersonal, structural, and intrapersonal. Destination image are formed by for dimensions, which are tourism infrastructure, hospitality atmosphere, and unique cultural attractions. A survey was conducted among 100 international youth travelers from Canada, South Korea, and France. The methods used in this research are PLS-SEM, independent T-test, and ANOVA. The findings of this research concluded that there is significant influence of travel constraints toward destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia. Moreover, there is different perception for travel constraints and destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia between international youth travelers who have been and have not been to Indonesia and also between international youth travelers from Canada, South Korea, and France. ;This research explores the influence of travel constraints toward destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia perceived by international youth travelers. Travel constraints are formed by for dimensions, which are unfamiliarity, interpersonal, structural, and intrapersonal. Destination image are formed by for dimensions, which are tourism infrastructure, hospitality atmosphere, and unique cultural attractions. A survey was conducted among 100 international youth travelers from Canada, South Korea, and France. The methods used in this research are PLS-SEM, independent T-test, and ANOVA. The findings of this research concluded that there is significant influence of travel constraints toward destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia. Moreover, there is different perception for travel constraints and destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia between international youth travelers who have been and have not been to Indonesia and also between international youth travelers from Canada, South Korea, and France. ;This research explores the influence of travel constraints toward destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia perceived by international youth travelers. Travel constraints are formed by for dimensions, which are unfamiliarity, interpersonal, structural, and intrapersonal. Destination image are formed by for dimensions, which are tourism infrastructure, hospitality atmosphere, and unique cultural attractions. A survey was conducted among 100 international youth travelers from Canada, South Korea, and France. The methods used in this research are PLS-SEM, independent T-test, and ANOVA. The findings of this research concluded that there is significant influence of travel constraints toward destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia. Moreover, there is different perception for travel constraints and destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia between international youth travelers who have been and have not been to Indonesia and also between international youth travelers from Canada, South Korea, and France. , This research explores the influence of travel constraints toward destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia perceived by international youth travelers. Travel constraints are formed by for dimensions, which are unfamiliarity, interpersonal, structural, and intrapersonal. Destination image are formed by for dimensions, which are tourism infrastructure, hospitality atmosphere, and unique cultural attractions. A survey was conducted among 100 international youth travelers from Canada, South Korea, and France. The methods used in this research are PLS-SEM, independent T-test, and ANOVA. The findings of this research concluded that there is significant influence of travel constraints toward destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia. Moreover, there is different perception for travel constraints and destination image for leisure travel in Indonesia between international youth travelers who have been and have not been to Indonesia and also between international youth travelers from Canada, South Korea, and France. ]

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pada bulan Juni tahun 2012, UNESCO memberikan warisan budaya dunia kepada Provinsi Bali, yakni mensahkan budaya Subak sebagai Warisan Budaya Dunia. Subak yang ditetapkan sebagai warisan budaya dunia tersebut ialah Subak Jatiluwih yang berada di Kabupaten Tabanan. Pada saat ini subak mengalami tantangan berupa alih fungsi lahan akibat pembangunan pariwisata yang pesat, sehingga pemerintah berperan penting dalam melakukan tata kelola kawasan subak. Kawasan subak Jatiluwih dikelola oleh lima pihak yaitu pemerintah desa, dua desa adat, pemerintah kabupaten Tabanan, dan organisasi subak Jatiluwih. Pada tata kelola kawasan subak terdapat interaksi yang asimetris antara pemerintah dan masyarakat. Teori yang digunakan untuk menganalisis ialah teori governansi, dengan teori inti skenario tipologi interaksi antar aktor dan interactive governance. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Governansi yang dilakukan dalam pengelolaan kawasan wisata subak Jatiluwih tidak mendekati ketiga tipologi tersebut, yang mana governansi tidak memfokuskan masyarakat sebagai aktor utama dalam tata kelola kawasan subak Jatiluwih. Masyarakat hanya berinteraksi melalui perwakilannya saja. Faktor yang sangat berpengaruh dalam governansi kawasan subak Jatiluwih adalah politik dan kekuasaan, sehingga faktor norma (metagovernance) menjadi lemah untuk menciptakan arena governansi yang stabil.

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ABSTRACT
In June 2012, Subak Jatiluwih in Bali Province was selected as one of the World Heritages by UNESCO. At this time Subak face the challenges of land conversion due to rapid tourism development, so that the government plays an important role in governance of Subak area. Subak Jatiluwih area managed by the five parties,that is village government, two indigenous villages, local governments, and Subak Jatiluwih organizations. In the area of governance in Subak Jatiluwih, there is a asymmentrical interaction between government and society. Theory used in this research was governance theory, with the main theory of between actors? interaction scenarios such as communitarianism, deliberative democracy, direct democracy; and interactive governance as the additional theory. Results showed that governance applied in the management of subak Jatiluwih tourism area was not approaching the three scenarios mentioned. The governance did not focus on the local society or community as main actors in managing the subak Jatiluwih area. The interaction of local society was restricted through its representative people only. Results also showed that the most impactful factor in the governance of subak Jatiluwih area was politic and power. Thus, the impact of norm factor (metagovernance) became weak in creating stable governance area.;

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini fokus pada pengaruh Pre-visit Destination Image terhadap Intention to Visit pada Flashpacker. Destination image adalah citra yang dirasakan seseorang tentang sebuah destinasi dan yang diukur dalam penelitian ini adalah pre-visit image atau image yang dirasakan sebelum melakukan kunjungan yang sebenarnya. Destination image berasal dari evaluasi afeksi yang dipengaruhi evaluasi kognisi, dan evaluasi kognisi dibentuk oleh motivasi wisata dan sumber informasi (Baloglu dan McCleary, 1999) yang didominasi oleh penggunaan jejaring dan media sosial (Govers dan Go, 2003). Penelitian sebelumnya telah menunjukan hubungan positif antar variabel yang diteliti, namun karena penelitian tersebut dilakukan di Amerika, maka peneliti hendak membuktikan model yang digunakan dan melihat pengaruh antar variabel di Indonesia dengan membatasi subjek penelitian terhadap flashpacker yang didefinisikan sebagai traveler yang tech savvy, telah bekerja dan mapan namun tetap memiliki semangat berpetualangan layaknya seorang backpacker (Caniago, 2010, Paris, 2010). Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah model yang digunakan oleh Baloglu dan McCleary (1999) dengan responden sebanyak 235 yang mengunakan metode judgemental sampling dan snowball sampling. Setelah itu data diolah menggunakan Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) dengan aplikasi LISREL 8.7. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa Pre-visit Destination Image secara positif mempengaruhi Intention to Visit, yang berarti semakin tinggi image yang terpapar dan dirasakan oleh flashpacker akan menaikkan keinginan mereka untuk datang ke Destinasi Wisata. Maka dari itu, pemasar destinasi wisata dapat melakukan promosi kepada segmen flashpacker dengan cara menimbulkan citra yang sesuai dengan motivasi wisata melalui sumber informasi yang dekat dengan target, yaitu jejaring dan media sosial. ...... This research is focused on the effect of Pre-visit Destination Image towards Intention to Visit on Flashpacker. Destination image is an image that a traveler is perceived about a destination and this research is using a pre-visit image which is an image perceived before the actual visit. Destination image is made from Affective Evaluation and influenced by Cognitive Evaluation which is derived from Travel Motivation and Information (Baloglu dan McCleary, 1999) dominated by the usage of Media and Social Network (Govers dan Go, 2003). The previous research has shown that there is a positive correlation among the variables yet the research was conducted in United States. Hence, the researcher is trying to prove the model in Indonesia and using a smaller segment as the subject. The subject used is Flashpacker, which is defined as a tech-savvy traveler with a bigger budget because they had a good job but still with a passion to explore and advanture like a backpacker (Caniago, 2010, Paris, 2010). This paper is using the model that was used by Baloglu and McCleary (1999). A survey is conducted involving 235 participants using judgmental sampling and snowball sampling via media and social network. Afterwards, the data is proccesed with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using LISREL 8.7. The research founding shows that Pre-visit Destination Image is affecting Intention to Visit positively, which means if there is a raise in pre-visit destination image perceived by flashpacker, the more they willing to visit the destination. Henceforth, Destination Marketing Organization should put efforts in increasing the destination image in the flashpacker segment by juxtaposing the destinasion image with their motivation and using the information source they‟re using, which is the media and social network.

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Penerapan kebijakan bebas visa kunjungan Indonesia bertujuan untuk memberikan peningkatan pada sektor pariwisata dengan masuknya wisatawan asing. Peningkatan jumlah wisatawan asing memiliki dampak kehadiran investasi asing langsung (FDI) dan peningkatan jumlah tenaga kerja asing, yang dampak tersebut dapat memberikan peluang dan ancaman terhadap jumlah tenaga kerja domestik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kebijakan Bebas Visa Kunjungan (BVK), Tenaga Kerja Asing, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) dan Upah, terhadap Tenaga Kerja Domestik. Teori yang digunakan adalah pasar tenaga kerja, teori pertumbuhan ekonomi model solow dan faktor produksi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan data panel dan alat analisis menggunakan eviews 9. Data bersumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik, Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan, Badan Penanaman Modal dan Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi. Data time series yang digunakan dari tahun 2011-2018, sedangkan data cross section menggunakan jenis pekerjaan per sektor, yaitu : 1) Pertanian, Kehutanan, Perkebunan Dan Perikanan 2) Pertambangan Dan Penggalian 3) Industri 4) Konstruksi 5) Perdagangan 6) Transportasi Dan Pergudangan 7) Informasi Dan Komunikasi 8) Jasa Kesehatan. Hasil penelitian ini adalah secara statistik, Kebijakan BVK, Tenaga Kerja Asing dan Upah memiliki pengaruh komplemen terhadap tenaga kerja domestik dengan ditunjukkan nilai koefisien positif dan signifikan. Variabel upah merupakan variabel paling besar pengaruhnya terhadap peningkatan tenaga kerja domestik. Sedangkan secara statistik variabel FDI memiliki pengaruh substitusi terhadap tenaga kerja domestik dengan ditunjukkan nilai koefisien negatif namun tidak signifikan.

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Bebas Visa Kunjungan policy in Indonesia aims to provide an increase in the tourism sector with the influx of foreign tourists. The increase in the number of foreign tourists has an impact on the presence of foreign direct investment (FDI) and an increase in the number of foreign workers, the impact of which can provide opportunities and threats to the number of domestic workers. This study aims to analyze the influence of the policy of Visa Free Visit (BVK), Foreign Workers, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Wages, on Domestic Workers. The theory used is the labor market, the theory of economic growth solow models and factors of production. The research method used in this study is quantitative research using panel data and analysis tools using eviews 9. Data sourced from Badan Pusat Statistik, Badan Kordinasi Penanaman Modal, Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi and Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan. The time series data are used from 2011-2018, while the cross section data uses the type of work per sector, namely: 1) Agriculture, Forestry, Plantation and Fisheries 2) Mining and Quarrying 3) Industry 4) Construction 5) Trading 6) Transportation and Warehousing 7) Information and Communication 8) Health Services. The results of this study are statistically, BVK policy, Foreign Workers and Wages have a complementary influence on domestic workers by showing positive and significant coefficient values. The wage variable is the biggest effect on increasing the domestic workforce. While statistically the FDI variable has a substitution effect on the domestic workforce with a indicated negative coefficient but not significant.

Abstrak :
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan gambaran mengenai bagaimana upaya pemerintah daerah Kota Sabang dalam mengelola sektor pariwisata. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Post Positivist, dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dan study lapangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan upaya pemerintah daerah dalam mengelola sektor pariwisata dalam beberapa aspek masih berjalan lambat, terlihat dari belum adanya penambahan jumlah fasilitas pendukung pariwisata seperti penginapan. Belum adanya penambahan dan peremajaan terhadap sarana transportasi umum dan kurang adanya partisipasi dari masyarakat dalam pengelolaan pariwisata di Sabang. Jenis pariwisata andalan Kota Sabang adalah jenis pariwisata bahari, sedangkan potensi pariwisata yang dimiliki oleh Kota Sabang cukup berfariasi, ada wisata alam dan sejarah yang tidak kalah menarik untuk dikunjungi, tetapi sayangnya belum adanya pengelolaan yang maksimal dari pemerintah daerah setempat untuk mengembangkan wisata tersebut. Dalam pengelolaan dan pengembangan sektor kepariwisataan terdapat unsur utama yang perlu menjadi perhatian bagi pemerintah daerah setempat, faktor utama yaitu daya tarik wisata, prasarana, fasilitas dan lembaga pariwisata. Mengelola sektor kepariwisataan bukan hanya tanggung jawab dari pemerintah daerah saja, partisipasi masyarakat dan pelaku industri pariwisata menjadi bagian penting dalam perkembangan wisata disuatu daerah. ......This research was aims to explain how the efforts of local governments to manage Sabang Town tourism sector. This study uses Post positivist approach, with data collection through interviews and field study. These results indicate the efforts of local governments to manage the tourism sector in some aspects is still running slow, seen from the lack of increase in the number of tourism support facilities such as lodging. There’re no addition and renovation of public transportation, and lack of community participation in tourism management in Sabang. Sabang City mainstay tourism type is a type of marine tourism, while tourism potential which is owned by the City of Sabang is quite a variation, there are natural and historical attractions that are not less interesting to visit, but unfortunately the management of the local government to develop the tour is too slowly. Management and development of the tourism sector are the main elements that should be a concern for the local government, and the main factors are tourist attraction, infrastructure, facilities and tourism agencies. Managing the tourism sector is not only the responsibility of the regional government, but also public participation and the tourism industry have an important part in the development of tourism sector in the region.

Abstrak :
Pada tahun 2016, Indonesia dinobatkan sebagai hub pariwisata berkelanjutan regional (Regional Tourism Sustainability Hub). Namun di satu sisi untuk pilar keberlanjutan lingkungan, Indonesia berada pada ranking 135 dari 140 negara yang dinilai menurut Daya Saing Perjalanan dan Pariwisata Dunia (WTTC) pada tahun 2019. Fenomena ini menjustifikasi pentingnya mengkaji bagaimana implementasi norma pariwisata berkelanjutan di Indonesia tahun 2014-2019 yang menjadi fokus bahasan studi ini. Metode kualitatif dengan teknik triangulasi dipilih untuk memperdalam analisis bahasan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui literatur studi, proses wawancara semi terstruktur, dan observasi di lapangan. Dengan menggunakan kerangka besar analisis difusi norma yang kemudian secara spesifik membahas politik translokal oleh Alger dan Dauvergne (2020), terdapat 3 temuan besar dari studi ini. Pertama, bahwa ada kompleksitas aktor dalam proses implementasi norma pariwisata berkelanjutan di Indonesia dipengaruhi khususnya keterlibatan aktor industri. Kedua, kebijakan pariwisata berkelanjutan di Indonesia belum komprehensif dan inklusif. Ketiga, berdasarkan aktvitas politik yang berlangsung (pemilihan gubernur lima provinsi pada 2014- 2019, dengan kontribusi PDRB terbesar dari sektor wisata, dan pemilu presiden 2019), studi ini menemukan bahwa pariwisata belum menjadi bagian narasi politik. Dari temuan tersebut, studi ini menyimpulkan dua hal. Pertama, industri memiliki peran signifikan dalam implementasi norma lingkungan – khususnya pariwisata berkelanjutan. Kesimpulan kedua yaitu integrasi kebijakan dan koordinasi antar aktor yang belum optimal berdampak pada level capaian implementasi norma pariwisata berkelanjutan di Indonesia periode 2014-2019. ......In 2016, Indonesia was made a Regional Tourism Sustainability Hub. However, in term of environmental sustainability, Indonesia ranked the 135th among 140 countries in 2019 according to the WTTC assessment. This case justifies the importance to conduct a study on how the implementation of sustainable tourism norms in Indonesia within 2014-2019. The qualitative method with the triangulation analysis technique was selected to deepen the analysis. Data was collected through literature review, semi-structured interviews, and field observation. By applying norm diffusion, specifically translocal politics by Alger and Dauvergne (2020), this study finds the complexity of stakeholders in implementing sustainable tourism in Indonesia specifically affected by the industrial actor. The next finding is that sustainable tourism policy in Indonesia has not yet been comprehensive and inclusive. The last finding of this research was that, based on the 2019 presidential election and the 2014-2019 governor election in five provinces, with tourism sector as the largest contributor to the GDPR, tourism has not been a political narrative. To conclude, first, industry plays a significant role in the implementation of environmental norms, especially sustainable tourism. Second, the not-yet optimal integrated policy and coordination between actors affect the achievement level of the sustainable tourism in Indonesia within 2014-2019.

Abstrak :
Pariwisata merupakan salah satu sumber pemasukan devisa negara terbesar dan terus menunjukkan pertumbuhan yang positif. Hal ini memberikan peran besar bagi industri pariwisata untuk mampu berkontribusi bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Namun, pandemi Covid-19 di 2020 memberikan dampak negatif pada ekonomi secara global. Pariwisata menjadi salah satu sektor ekonomi yang terdampak secara luas. Kebijakan pembatasan yang diberlakukan pemerintah berdampak langsung terhadap kegiatan pariwisata secara nasional. Risiko penularan Covid-19 menjadi ketakutan baru bagi wisatawan yang ingin berwisata. Akibatnya terjadi penurunan wisatawan yang cukup drastis dibanding tahun sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini membahas terkait pengaruh risiko yang diterima wisatawan selama pandemi dan pengaruhnya terhadap niat bepergian dari wisatawan. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan uji deskriptif dan uji regresi sederhana. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel perceived risk berhubungan dan berpengaruh terhadap travel intention pada wisatawan Gen Z di daerah Jabodetabek. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat membantu untuk menentukan kebijakan yang sesuai pada strategi pemulihan sektor pariwisata. ......Tourism is one of the largest sources of foreign exchange income for the nation and continues to show positive growth. This gives a huge role for the tourism industry to be able to contribute to Indonesia's economic growth. However, the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 has had a negative impact on the global economy. Tourism is one of the most widely affected economic sectors. The travel restriction policy imposed by the government has a direct impact on tourism activities nationally. The risk of Covid-19 transmission is a new anxiety for tourists who want to travel. As a result, there was a drastic decrease in tourist visits compared to the previous year. Therefore, this study aims to discuss the influence of perceived risk by tourists during the pandemic and its effect on travel intention of the tourists. This research uses quantitative methods with descriptive tests and simple regression tests. The results of this study indicate that the perceived risk variable is related and has an effect on travel intention in Gen Z tourists in Jabodetabek area. This research is expected to help to determine the appropriate policy on the tourism sector recovery strategy.