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"Tulisan ini membahas empat kasus perdagangan heroin di Kota New York, Amerika Serikat sebagai bentuk transnational organized crime. Metode penulisan yang digunakan adalah analisis data sekunder yang bersumber dari data lembaga dan berita online tentang perdagangan heroin transnasional di Kota New York. Analisis dalam tulisan ini menggunakan teori social embeddedness untuk menjelaskan hubungan sosial dan lingkungan sosial aktor dan kerangka konsep transnational organized crime untuk menjelaskan pola kejahatan. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa aktor merupakan individu rasional yang melakukan perdagangan heroin karena menguntungkan secara materi hingga miliaran rupiah. Namun hal ini tidak dapat berdiri sendiri. Perdagangan heroin merupakan aktivitas ilegal yang menyebabkan aktivitas ini penuh dengan resiko dan ketidakpastian. Kesamaan latar belakang sosial, seperti kewarganegaraan, jenis kelamin, dan umur menciptakan kepercayaan. Kepercayaan mengurangi resiko dan ketidakpastian pada perdagangan heroin transnasional. Pada perdagangan heroin transnasional juga ditemukan Asia Selatan sebagai wilayah yang mendominasi asal kewarganegaraan aktor dan di mana heroin berasal. Ditemukan juga pola aktivitas perdagangan heroin transnasional yang meliputi produksi, impor dan distribusi. Kesamaan modus operandi juga ditemukan pada sebagian besar kasus yang dikelompokan menjadi tahapan yang meliputi komunikasi/negosiasi, pengiriman sampel, komunikasi/negosiasi kembali, dan impor. Adapun reaksi penegak hukum pada setiap kasus menunjukan kesamaan, yaitu dengan dibentuknya operasi investigasi melalui pendekatan multi lembaga.

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This paper discusses four cases of heroin trafficking in City of New York, United States as a form of transnational organized crime by focusing on the social relations of actors and crime patterns. The writing method in this paper is secondary data analysis derived from institutional data and news articles about the transnational heroin trade in City of New York. The analysis in this paper uses the theory of social embeddedness to explain social relations and the social environment of actors and the framework of the concept of transnational organized crime to explain patterns of crime.. The results of the analysis shows that the actor is a rational individual who trades heroin because it is materially profitable up to billions of rupiah. But this cannot stand alone. The heroin trade is an illegal activity which makes this activity full of risk and uncertainty. Similarity in social background, such as nationality, gender, and age creates trust. Trust reduces risk and uncertainty in the transnational heroin trade. In the transnational heroin trade, South Asia is also found as the region that dominates the origin of the actor's nationality and where heroin originates. The pattern of transnational heroin trading activity was also found which includes production, import and distribution. The same modus operandi was also found in most of the cases which were grouped into stages which included communication/negotiation, giving samples, re-communicating/re-negotiating, and importing. The reactions of law enforcement in each case show similarities, namely the establishment of an investigative operation through a multi institutional approach."

"Trafficking in women and children for forced prostitution is oneof the fastest growing transnational criminal activities in the world today.This illegal activity is considered the third largest source of profit fortransnational organized crime, after drugs and weapons, generatingbillions of dollars annually. Although many countries are concerned aboutthe problem, we know that not one of them has made much progress instopping this trafficking in women and children. This paper presents thepreliminary results obtained from on empirical study of the problem inMalaysia. Specifically, the study .seeks to reveal the magnitude of tireproblem in Malaysia. and to determine the major sources anti destinationsof the women and children who are being trafficked. In additions, the effortsof the Malaysian government to curb the problem are being studied. Thepaper suggests that we should fool at the problem from the perspective ofthe " human security " concept, which puts the security and well being of theindividuals of a country as a top priority, and thereby strengthens thecountry as a whole, including its security as a stare."