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Abstrak :
Pendahuluan: Benzo(a)pyrene merupakan salah satu golongan PAH yangdiklasifikasikan sebagai senyawa yang bersifat karsinogen (probably carcinogenic)pada manusia dan hewan. Setelah terpajanan, benzo(a)pyrene yang masuk kedalamtubuh manusia melalui jalur inhalasi, langsung terabsorpsi didalam tubuh danterdistribusi dalam paru, kulit dan hati, lalu berikatan dengan DNA, RNA dan protein. Setelah memasuki tubuh manusia dan biotransformasi, Benzo(a)pyrene diekskresikan dalam bentuk metabolit terhidroksilasi dalam urin atau feses. 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) dalam urin merupakan metabolit yang paling umum digunakan sebagai biomarker pajanan dari senyawa benzo(a)pyrene. Pengukuran konsentrasi benzo(a)pyrene dilakukan pada tiga titik di setiap sekolah menggunakan sorben tube dengan filter charcoal, dan dianalisis menggunakan metode fluoresensi. Analisis 1-hydroxypyrene dalam urin dilakukan menggunakan HPLC dengan detektor fluoresensi. Tujuan: untuk melihat hubungan paparan benzo(a)pyrene terhadap konsentrasi 1-hydroxypyrene pada urin. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional, sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 76 orang, pembagian sampel di buat secara probability proportional to size (PPS), pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling. Hasil: Rata-rata konsentrasi BaP di udara indoor sekolah dasar negeri di sekitar ruas jalan utama Jakarta Barat sebesar 0,0059 mg/m3, dan rata-rata konsentrasi BaP di udara outdoor yaitu 0,0031 mg/m3. Rata-rata konsentrasi BaP di udara indoor pada sekolah terpajan tinggi yaitu 5,6 kali lebih tinggi (0,0102 mg/m3) di bandingkan sekolah yang terpajan terpajan rendah (0,0018 mg/m3). Rata-rata konsentrasi 1-OHP pada urin siswa sekolah dasar negeri di sekitar ruas jalan utama Jakarta Barat adalah 12,146 μmol/mol kreatinin. Rata-rata konsentrasi 1-OHP pada urin siswa sekolah terpajan tinggi 1,2 kali lebih besar (13,363 μmol/mol kreatinin) di bandingkan sekolah terpajan rendah (10,929 μmol/mol kreatinin). Kesimpulan: Hubungan pajanan BaP di udara indooor terhadap konsentrasi 1-OHP pada urin siswa berpola positif dimana terdapat korelasi positif antara pajanan BaP di udara indoor terhadap peningkatan konsentrasi 1-OHP pada urin siswa (r=0,229) artinya semakin tinggi pajanan BaP di udara indoor maka semakin tinggi konsentrasi 1-OHP pada urin siswa. Hasil uji statistik menjelaskan ada hubungan yang signifikan antara pajanan BaP di udara indoor dengan konsentrasi 1-OHP pada urin siswa (p=0,046). ...... Introduction: Benzo(a)pyrene is a class of PAH which is classified as a carcinogenic compound (probably carcinogenic) in humans and animals. After exposure, benzo(a)pyrene which enters the human body through inhalation pathways, is directly absorbed in the body and distributed in the lungs, skin, and liver, then binds to DNA, RNA, and protein. After entering the human body and biotransformation, benzo(a)pyrene is excreted in the form of hydroxylated metabolites in urine or feces. 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in urine is the most common metabolite used as exposure biomarkers of benzo(a)pyrene compounds. Benzo(a)pyrene concentration measurements were carried out at three points in each school using tube sorbents with charcoal filters and analyzed using the fluorescence method. Analysis of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine is carried out using HPLC with a fluorescence detector. Objective: To see the relationship of exposure to benzo(a)pyrene to urine 1-hydroxypyrene concentration. Method: This study is a quantitative study with a crosssectional design, the sample in this study amounted to 76 people, the sample distribution was made by probability proportional to size (PPS), the sampling used purposive sampling. Results: The average BaP concentration in the indoor air of public elementary schools around the West Jakarta's main road segment is 0.0059 mg/m3, and the average BaP concentration in outdoor air is 0.0031 mg/m3. The average BaP concentration in indoor air in high exposed schools is 5.6 times higher (0.0102 mg/m3) compared to schools exposed to a low exposure (0.0018 mg/m3). The average 1-OHP concentration in the urine of public elementary school students around the West Jakarta main road segment is 12.146 μmol/mol creatinine. The average concentration of 1-OHP in the urine of high-exposed school students was 1.2 times greater (13,363 μmol/mol creatinine) compared to low-exposed schools (10,929 μmol/mol creatinine). Conclusion: The relationship of BaP exposure in indoor air to the concentration of 1-OHP in the urine of students was positively patterned where there was a positive correlation between BaP exposure in indoor air to an increase in 1-OHP concentration in the urine of students (r = 0.229) meaning higher exposure to indoor air the higher the concentration of 1-OHP in the urine of students. The results of the statistical test explained that there was a significant relationship between exposure to BaP in indoor air and the concentration of 1-OHP in the urine of students (p = 0.046).

Abstrak :
Pendahuluan dan tujuan: Inkontinensia urin merupakan masalah umum pada anak-anak, dengan prevalensi berkisar antara 6-20%. Pediatric Incontinence Questionnaire (PINQ) telah dikembangkan untuk menilai kualitas hidup anak-anak dengan inkontinensia urin dan telah diadaptasi dan divalidasi ke dalam 20 bahasa. Namun, belum diadaptasi ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai realibilitas dan validitas PINQ. Metode: PINQ diadaptasi dan diterjemahkan ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia oleh 2 orang dokter (1 ahli urologi anak dan 1 ahli urologi fungsional) dan 1 penerjemah tersertifikasi. 110 subjek berusia 6 hingga 18 tahun mengisi PINQ-ID dua kali, pada kunjungan awal dan dua minggu setelahnya. Reliabilitas konsistensi internal dinilai dengan menghitung Cronbach. Reliabilitas tes-tes ulang diukur dengan menggunakan koefisien Intra Class Correlation (ICC) untuk ukuran tunggal. Validitas kuesioner dihitung dengan mengukur koefisien korelasi Pearson terhadap total skor PINQ-ID. Variabel sosiodemografi (jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, dan jenis inkontinensia) dan skor PINQ-ID dievaluasi korelasinya menggunakan ANOVA univariat, uji t independen, dan koefisien korelasi Spearman. Semua tes dilakukan dengan nilai p standar 2-tailed 0,05. Hasil: Kuesioner PINQ terdiri dari 20 pertanyaan, masing-masing meminta subjek untuk memilih skor dari 1 hingga 5 sesuai dengan keluhannya. Skor minimal yang dapat dilaporkan adalah 20, sedangkan skor maksimum adalah 100. Pada subjek kami, skor total rata-rata untuk PINQ-ID masing-masing adalah 33,78 dan 32,32 di T0 dan T1. Perbedaan antara rata-rata ini tidak signifikan secara statistik (Tabel 1). Tidak ada perbedaan skor rata-rata antara subjek pria dan wanita pada kedua titik waktu (nilai p > 0,05). Tingkat pendidikan memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan skor PINQ-ID (p 0,014). Koefisien korelasi Pearson antara 0,284 dan 0,778 dengan korelasi yang signifikan. Kesimpulan: Studi kami mengungkapkan kelayakan, validitas, dan reliabilitas PINQ-ID yang sangat baik secara keseluruhan. Namun, beberapa item pada PINQ-ID, terutama yang berkaitan dengan relevansi klinisnya dengan budaya Indonesia, dapat memerlukan studi yang lebih lanjut. ......Introduction and Objectives: Urinary incontinence is a common problem in children, with prevalences range between 6-20%. Pediatric incontinence questionnaire (PINQ) has been developed to assess quality of life children with urinary incontinence and has been adapted and validated into 20 languages. However, it has not been adapted into Bahasa Indonesia. This study aims to asses realibility and validity of PINQ. Method: PINQ was adapted and translated into Bahasa Indonesia by 2 physicians (1 paediatric urologist and 1 functional urologist) and 1 sworn translator. 110 subjects aged 6 to 18 years old filled PINQ-ID twice, at initial visit and two weeks after. Internal consistency reliability was assessed by calculating Cronbach’s 𝛼. Test-retest reliability was measured using intra class correlation coefficient (ICC) for single measure. Validity of questionnaire was calculated by measuring Pearson correlation coefficient to total PINQ-ID score. Sociodemographic variables (gender, level of education, and type of incontinence) and PINQ-ID score were evaluated for correlation using univariate ANOVA, independent t-test, and Spearman correlation coefficient. All tests were performed with 2-tailed predefined p-value 0.05. Results: The PINQ questionnnaire consists of 20 questions, each requiring the subject to choose a score from 1 to 5 according to their complaints. The minimal score that could be reported is 20, whilst the maximum score was 100. In our subjects, the mean total score for PINQ-ID were 33,78 and 32,32 at T0 and T1 respectively. The difference between these means was not statistically significant. There was no difference in the mean score between male and female subjects at both time points (p value > 0.05). Level of education had significant correlation with PINQ-ID score (p 0.014). Pearson correlation coefficient was between 0,284 and 0,778 with significant correlation. Conclusion: Our study revealed overall excellent PINQ-ID feasibility, validity, and reliability. However, several items on the PINQ-ID, especially in relation to their clinical relevance to the Indonesian culture and setting, may require further exploration.

Abstrak :
Inkontinensia urin tekanan sering ditemukan padakehamilan dengan prevalensi tertinggi pada empat minggu terakhir kehamilan. Diketahui bahwa kelemahan otot dasar panggul merupakan salah satu penyebab inkontinensia urin tekanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kekuatan otot dasar panggul dengan inkontinensia urin tekanan pada perempuan hamil trimester ketiga akhir, dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan melibatkan perempuan hamil 36-40 minggu di poli Obstetri dan Ginekologi RSUK TebetJakarta. Data yang diperoleh berupa hasil anamnesis, Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis QUID , pemeriksaan fisik, perineometer, dan tes batuk. Sampel berjumlah 142 orang dengan 54,2 diantaranya mengalami inkontinensia urin tekanan. Diketahui bahwa kekuatan otot dasar panggul dan taksiran berat janin memiliki perbedaan bermakna dengan inkontinensia urin tekanan p = 0,002, < 0,001, secara berurutan . Uji multivariat menunjukkan bahwa kekuatan otot dasar le; 25,5 cmH2O panggul dan TBJ ge; 3.100 gram paling mempengaruhi kejadian inkontinensia urin tekanan OR = 2,52, p= 0,021 dan OR = 3,34, p= 0,001, secara berurutan . Uji probabilitas menunjukkan bahwa apabila TBJ >3.100 gram dan kekuatan otot dasar panggul

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Stess urinary incontinence is the most frequent found during pregnancy with the highest prevalence in the last four weeks of pregnancy. It is known that weaken pelvic floor muscle is one of the causes of stress urinary incontinence. This study aims to know the relationship between the strength of pelvic floor muscle and stress urinary incontinence in late third trimester of pregnancy and its associated factors.A cross sectional study was conducted involving women with 36 until 40 weeks of pregnancy at Obstetric and Gynecology clinic of Tebet Subdistrict Hospital, Jakarta. Collected data included medical interview, Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis QUID , physical examination, perineometer, and cough test. Among 142 samples, 54.2 had stress urinary incontinence. Discovered that pelvic floor muscle, and estimated fetal weight had significant differences with SUI p 0.002, 0.001, respectively . Multivariate analysis showed the strength of pelvic floor muscle le 25.5 cmH2O , and EFW ge 3,100 gram were the most influenced factors for SUI OR 2.52, p 0.021 dan OR 3.34, p 0.001, respectively . The likelihood of SUI was 75.39 if the strength of PFM was le 25.5 cmH2O,and EFW ge 3,100 gram. Weaken pelvic floor muscle, and EFW were the factors influencing SUI.