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"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kemenangan Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela (PSUV). Dalam menganalisis hal tersebut, peneliti menggunakan konsep electoral irregularities dan teori Competitive Authoritarianism Regime dalam melihat faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kemenangan Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela (PSUV) pada pemilihan umum Majelis Nasional tahun 2020. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa tindakan pemerintahan Maduro untuk menciptakan lingkungan kompetisi yang bias melalui serangkaian kebijakan dan tekanan yang menguntungkan bagi pemerintah serta di sisi lai nmerugikan oposisi, berhasil membawa PSUV untuk memperoleh kemenangannya dalam pemilu.

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This research discusses the factors that affected the victory of Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela (PSUV). In analyzing this case, author used the concept of electoral irregularities and the theory of Competitive Authoritarianism Regime in search of the factors that was affecting the victory of Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela (PSUV) on the 2020 National Assembly general election. This research finds that the Maduro government's actions are to create a competitive environment which is biased towards policy choices and pressures that are favorable to the government and on the other hand, succeeded in bringing PSUV to gain its victory in the elections."

"Setelah lama menjadi partner dagang di bidang energi, khususnya minyak, akhirnya Venezuela mulai beralih dari Amerika Serikat (AS). Naiknya Presiden Hugo Chavez pada tahun 1999 sebagai pemimpin Venezuela telah mengubah haluan kebijakan energi Venezuela. Melalui revolusi Bolivaria, Presiden Chavez membawa Venezuela ke arah pencarian pasar alternatif untuk ekspor minyak, atau yang dikenal sebagai kebijakan diversifikasi energi. Terbukti, jumlah ekspor minyak Venezuela ke AS yang biasanya lebih dari 1,5 juta barel per hari menurun drastis menjadi hanya 868.000 barel per hari pada tahun 2011. Tidak lepas dari kritik, kebijakan diversifikasi energi dianggap sebagai boomerang bagi perekonomian nasional Venezuela. Pasalnya, AS telah lama menjadi pasar tradisional terbesar bagi ekspor minyak Venezuela. Pada tahun 2007, misalnya, lebih dari 64 persen dari total ekspor minyak Venezuela tertuju ke AS. Selain itu, komoditas minyak memiliki rasio sebesar 80 persen dari total ekspor Venezuela setiap tahunnya. Oleh karena itu, kebijakan diversifikasi energi Venezuela sesungguhnya mempertaruhkan perekonomian nasionalnya. Melalui tulisan ini, penulis hendak menjelaskan alasan kuat Venezuela menerapkan kebijakan diversifikasi dengan menggunakan teori keamanan energi dari sudut pandang negara pengekspor.

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Having been partner regarding energy trade (spesifically oil trade) since 1929, Venezuela finally turned its back on the United States (U.S.). Since coming to power in 1999, President Chavez has been looking forward to diversifying Venezuelas oil export to alternative market outside the U.S., known as the oil diversification policy. As the result, Venezuelas oil export to the U.S. continuously decreased down to only 868.000 barrels per day in 2011?much lesser compared to of the previous decade (1.5 million barrels per day). Many critiques addressed toward the policy that President Chavez called out through Bolivarian Revolution. The U.S. has so long been primary market for Venezuelas oil export; in 2007, about 64 percent of Venezuelas crude oil ends up in U.S. refinery. In addition, annually, more than 80 percent of Venezuelas export comprises oil. Hence, indeed, implementing the diversification policy means putting Venezuelas economy at stake. Therefore, this research attempts to explain the reasons of Venezuelas oil exports diversification policy by using Energy Security Theory."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengenai politik luar negeri Venezuela terhadap AmerikaSerikat pada 1999 – 2010. Politik luar negeri Venezuela bertolak belakang denganhubungan perdagangan dengan Amerika Serikat. Di balik kerjasama pada sektorperdagangan tersebut, Venezuela kerap melontarkan sikap dan tindakan yangkonfrontatif terhadap Amerika Serikat. Venezuela juga menjalin kerjasamadengan negara yang memiliki latar belakang sebagai rival dengan Amerika Serikat.Kedua negara memiliki hubungan dagang terbesar pada sektor minyak. Isu keduanegara dianalisa menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berdasarkan periode waktutertentu. Pemerintahan Presiden Chávez membawa revolusi bagi Venezuela. Hasilpenelitian berupa politik kontradiktif yang dijalankan Presiden Chávez terhadapAmerika Serikat. Venezuela pun menjalankan strategi diversifikasi mitra gunamenangkal ketergantungannya terhadap Amerika Serikat

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the foreign policy of Venezuela to the United States in 1999-2010. Venezuelan foreign policy contrary to the trade relationship with the UnitedStates. Behind cooperation in the trade sector, Venezuela often catapult aconfrontational attitude and actions against the United States. Venezuela alsocooperates with the country that have a contrary philosopy with the United States.Both countries have the largest trading relationship in the oil sector. The methodto analyzed this problems using qualitatif approach which based on a specific timeperiod. Chávez government was brought a revolution for Venezuela. The result iscontradictive Venezuelan’s foreign policy against the United States. Venezuelawas run in order to ward off efforts to diversify its dependence on the UnitedStates."

"Torre David is an incomplete skyscraper in the center of the Venezuelan capital Caracas that has been occupied and reconstructed by local residents. Work on the building, named after the financial investor David Brillembourg, who died in 1993, was suspended during the Venezuelan financial crisis of 1994. After the office tower the third highest in Venezuela had stood empty for many years, it was taken over by the local population in 2008. The occupants made the building their own with improvisation and skill it is a vertical favela, now containing not just housing but also other everyday facilities such as an improvised doctor's office, shops, and more. Photographer Iwan Baan has documented Torre David and its occupants, creating a portrait that captures the contradictions of the place while at the same time revealing urban structures that have emerged dynamically and without planning. Alfredo Brillembourg was born in New York in 1961. In 1993 he founded Urban-Think Tank in Caracas, Venezuela. Since May 2010, Brillembourg holds a chair in architecture and urban design at the Swiss Institute of Technology, Zurich. Hubert Klumpner was born in Salzburg in 1965. In 1998 he joined Alfredo Brillembourg as director of Urban-Think Tank in Caracas. Since 2010, Klumpner holds a chair in architecture and urban design at the Swiss Institute of Technology, Zurich. Iwan Baan, born in Alkmaar, Netherlands, in 1975, is an architecture and documentary photographer."