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"Indonesia mempunyai banyak gunung api yang berpotensi menimbulkan bencana bagi manusia dan lingkungan hidup di sekitarnya. Usaha mitigasi sudah dilakukan terhadap 128 gunung api aktif, yang jenis potensi ancaman bahayanya sudah diketahui berdasarkan pada lokasi sumber bahaya dan sejarah kegiatan. Namun demikian, ancaman bahaya letusan gunung api yang lebih besar, yang membentuk kaldera letusan atau kaldera longsoran masih memerlukan penelitian. Begitu pula terhadap potensi ancaman bahaya gunung api monogenesis, yang dapat membentuk lubang letusan baru di luar gunung api aktif. Pemikiran ini dilandasi oleh kenyataan bahwa sampai sekarang belum ada letusan besar setara G. Tambora 1815 dan G. Krakatau 1883, namun kegiatan tektonika yang menimbulkan tsunami dan gempa bumi besar sudah sering terjadi. Kedua, erupsi gunung api lumpur Sidoarjo berlangsung cukup lama dan kawasan gunung api semakin dipadati oleh pemukiman serta kegiatan usaha."

"This paper discusses the extent of eruption of Merapi volcano in 1994. It looks at the effects associated with the volcano as it erupted. The damages were inflicted on both the abiotic and biotic environments. The eruption occurred in the southern parts of the volcano. Because of the potential problems the volcano has, this has called for government involvement as an attempt to minimise the casualties. This has been done by intergovernmental cooperation for instance through the establishment of disaster prevention projects like Sobo Technical Centre, Merapi Volcano Project and the office purposely concerned with the investigation on the activities of Merapi. These projects cooperate to establish the hazard maps."

"This article is aimed to find out the behavioural characteristics of people residing in the dangerous zone of Merapi relating to their aspiration and perception on their settlement environment. Three sample areas are located in the volcanic slopes of Merapi being classified as the most dangerous zone whereas the other three are located along the river banks of river flowing down the mount. The result of this research shows that most of the people (65%) do not afraid of the danger, 18% feel afraid of it while the rest 17% are tremendously afraid of the danger. But 94% of the people interview said they are keen to remain living in the village and ony 6% of them are likely to move."

"Sektor pertanian di Kecamatan Muntilan mengalami perubahan akibat banjir lahar dingin Gunung Merapi. Pengaruh dari banjir lahar dingin dilihat berdasarkan sebaran material piroklastik, jarak dari tanggul sungai dan jarak dari hulu sungai. Penelitian ini menggunakan pembagian segmen berdasarkan jarak dari sungai, yaitu 0-100, 100-200, dan 200-300 meter pada setiap desa terdampak banjir lahar dingin. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa kandungan unsur hara material piroklastik yang terbawa oleh aliran Kali Pabelan menguntungkan bagi kesuburan pertumbuhan tanaman. Wilayah terdampak banjir lahar dingin ada yang mengalami kerusakan sehingga dijadikan wilayah tambang pasir, ada pula yang kembali digunakan sebagai lahan pertanian. Luas lahan pertanian yang mengalami kerusakan memiliki jarak sejauh 10-120 meter dari tanggul sungai. Wilayah yang semakin jauh dari hulu sungai memiliki produktivitas yang lebih baik karena unsur hara dan tekstur tanah lebih mendukung untuk lahan pertanian. Komoditas hortikultura dan palawija mengalami peningkatan lebih dari 50%, terutama pada tanaman cabe dan kacang panjang. ...... Agricultural sector in Muntilan District altered by cold lahar flood from Mount Merapi. The influence of cold lahar flood can be seen of pyroclastic material, the distance from the river enbankment and distance from upstream. This research uses segment division based on the distance from the river, that are 0-100, 100-200, and 200-300 meters in every village affected by cold lahar flood. Results from this research showed that the nutrient content of pyroclastic material that was carried away by the flow of Pabelan River gave benefits for plant growth fertility. Region affected by cold lava flood damaged used as sand mining area, some are re-used as agricultural land. Agricultural land were damaged due to cold lahar flood has a distance of 10-120 meters from the river embankment. Further regions from the river upstream has better productivity, because nutrients and soil texture better support for agricultural land. Horticulture and palawija comodity have increased more than 50%, especially chili and beans."

"Social aspects of cold lava flood of Merapi Volcano in Java, Indonesia"

"Kawasan Rawan Bencana KRB III Gunung Merapi adalah kawasan yang letaknya dekat sumber bencana, oleh sebab itu kawasan ini harus bebas dari permukiman penduduk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1 melihat kondisi yang menyebabkan masyarakat tetap tinggal di KRB III Gunung Merapi 2 melihat kondisi kesiapsiagaan masyarakat dalam menghadapi bencana letusan gunung api 3 membuat indeks kesiapsiagaan masyarakat dengan metode skoring dan pembobotan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan mixed method. Penentuan jumlah responden dengan rumus Slovin dengan batas toleransi 7 persen dan terpilih sebanyak 151 responden. Penentuan responden untuk kepala keluarganya dengan menggunakan sistematik random sampling. Analisis yang digunakan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan masyarakat tetap tinggal di daerah rawan bencana menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Sementara untuk indeks komposit kesiapsiagaan menggunakan lima parameter yaitu pengetahuan bencana, kebijakan kesiapsiagaan bencana, rencana tanggap darurat, peringatan dini bencana dan mobilisasi sumber daya. Selanjutnya, setiap pertanyaan yang sudah dikelompokan berdasarkan parameter dikalikan dengan nilai bobot. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebesar 61,6 persen masyarakat merasa nyaman dan tenteram tetap tinggal di daerahnya meski daerahnya rawan bencana. Kenyamanan ini dikarenakan faktor lingkungan, ekonomi, dan sosial. Faktor lingkungan terutama kesuburan tanah, potensi pasir, kerikil dan batu. Sebanyak 56,9 persen penduduknya berpenghasilan lebih besar dari upah minimum regional kabupaten yang sebesar 1,4 juta rupiah per bulan. Sebanyak 92,7 persen mereka mempunyai kerabat yang masih tinggal di satu lokasi dan 95,4 persen aktif dan ikut serta dalam kegiatan kemasyarakatan seperti arisan, pengajian, dan perkumpulan lainnya. Sementara itu indeks kesiapsiagaan di daerah penelitian dalam kategori sedang atau dalam kondisi siap dengan nilai 66,83.

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Disaster Prone Areas KRB III of Mount Merapi is an area that located near the source of the disaster, therefore that area must be free from residential areas. This study aims to 1 considering the conditions that cause people to stay in KRB III of Mount Merapi 2 analyze the factors of community preparedness to face of volcanic eruption disaster 3 Create a community preparedness index using the scoring and weighting method. This research is conducted by mixed method approach. Determination the number of respondents carried out by Slovin formula with a tolerance limit of 7 percent and selected 151 respondents. Determination of respondent for head family by using systematic random sampling. Determination the factors that cause people to stay in disaster prone areas using descriptive analysis. As for the composite index preparedness used five parameters namely disaster knowledge, disaster preparedness policy, emergency response plan, disaster early warning, and resource mobilization. Then each question that has been grouped by parameter multiplied by the weight value.

The results showed that 61.6 percent of people feel comfortable and peaceful stay in their area despite the disaster prone areas. This convenience is due to environmental, economic, and social factors. Environmental factors, especially soil fertility, the potential of sand, gravel, and stone. 56.9 percent of the population earns more than the district minimum wage of 1.4 million rupiahs per month. About 92.7 percent of them have relatives who still live in one location and 95.4 percent active and participate in community activities such as arisan, pengajian, and other associations. Meanwhile, the index of preparedness in the research area is in the medium category with a value of 66.83."