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"Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications."

"Peningkatan DNA adduct yaitu 8-OHdG dipengaruhi oleh adanya xenobiotik yang bersifat toksik dan karsinogenik. Xenobiotik yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah paraquat diklorida sebagaimana diketahui paraquat diklorida merupakan pestisida golongan II berdasarkan WHO yang memikili efek berbahaya karena dapat menyebabkan mutasi gen sehingga berdampak karsinogenik. Penambahan ion logam Cu(II) dan Ni(II) sebagai media yang dapat berekasi dengan hidrogen peroksida untuk mengahasilkan reaksi Fenton. Rekasi fenton akan menghasilkan hidroksil radikal yang dapat menyebabkan peningkatan stress oksidatif sehingga menghasilkan rekatif oksigen spesies (ROS) yang berakibat pada mutasi DNA.Pada penelitian ini baik secara in vitro maupun in vivo diperoleh hasil bahwa dengan penambahan dua ion logam, Cu(II) dan Ni(II), menghasilkan efek yang supresif, artinya nilai konsentrasi 8-OHdG yang diperoleh lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan nilai masing-masing logam. Hal itu disebabkan ion logam Ni(II) akan menekan oksidasi DNA sehingga oksidasi DNA dengan ion logam Cu(II) akan terganggu. 8-OHdG terbanyak diperoleh dengan pencampuran paraquat diklorida dan ion logam Cu(II). Kajian in viro ini menggunakan kondisi inkubasi pada suhu 370C mewakili kondisi tubuh dan pH 7,4 serta 8,4 dengan waktu inkubasi 24 jam dan 6 jam. Diperoleh untuk kadar 8-OHdG dari ion logam Cu(II) dan paraquat diklorida sebesar 101,48 ppb dan 134,60 ppb. Sedangkan nilai kadar urin dan serum dari proses in vivo hari 14 dan 28 adalah 6,76 ppb& 3,48 ppb dan 1,22 ppb dan 0,76 ppb.

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Increased DNA adduct, which is 8-OHdG is influenced by the presence of xenobiotics which are toxic and carcinogenic. Xenobiotics used in this study are paraquat dichloride, known as paraquat dichloride, a group II pesticide based on WHO which has a dangerous effect because it can cause gene mutations, so it has a carcinogenic impact. Adding Cu(II) and Ni(II) metal ions as a medium can reject hydrogen peroxide to produce Fenton reactions. Fenton's reaction will produce radical hydroxyl, which can cause an increase in oxidative stress to have oxygen species (ROS), resulting in DNA mutations.

In this study, both in vitro and in vivo obtained the result that the addition of two metals, Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions, produced a suppressive effect, meaning that the 8-OHdG concentration value obtained was smaller than the respective values metal. That is because Ni(II) metal ions will suppress DNA oxidation, so DNA oxidation with Cu(II) metal will be disrupted. 8-OHdG is obtained by mixing paraquat dichloride and Cu(II). In vitro study uses incubation conditions at 370C, representing the condition of the body and pH of 7.4 and 8.4 with an incubation time of 24 hours and 6 hours. They obtained 8-OHdG levels of Cu(II) metal ions and paraquat dichloride of 101.48 ppb and 134.60 ppb. While the concentration of urine and serum from in Vivo process days 14 and 28 is 6.76 ppb & 3.48 ppb and 1.22 ppb and 0.76 ppb."

"Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is becoming increasingly important in human health risk assessments and in supporting pharmacodynamic modeling for toxic responses. Organized by classes of compounds and modeling purposes so users can quickly access information, this is the first comprehensive reference of its kind.This book presents an overview of the underlying principles of PBPK model development. Then it provides a compendium of PBPK modeling information, including historical development, specific modeling challenges, and current practices for, halogenated alkanes, alkene and aromatic compounds, reactive vapors in the nasal cavity, alkanes, oxyhydrocarbons, and related compounds, pesticides and persistent organic pollutants, dioxin and related compounds, metals and inorganic compounds, drugs, antineoplastic agents, perinatal transfer, mixtures, dermal exposure models."

"Many drugs and other xenobiotics (e.g., preservatives, insecticides, and plastifiers) contain hydrolyzable moieties such as ester or amide groups. In biological media, such foreign compounds are, therefore, important substrates for hydrolytic reactions catalyzed by hydrolases or proceeding non-enzymatically. Despite their significance, until now, no book has been dedicated to hydrolysis and hydrolases in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. This work fills a gap in the literature and reviews metabolic reactions of hydrolysis and hydarion from the point of views of enzymes, substrates, and reactions."

"The book discusses subjects associated with foreign compound metabolizing enzymes with emphasis on biochemical aspects, including lipophilic foreign compounds, catalytic properties, reactive intermediates, biomedical and biochemical effects, genetic polymorphisms, enzyme inducibility, enzyme modulation for health benefits, dietary related enzyme modulators, and structural characteristics of enzyme inducers. "

"This book covers breakthroughs in sequencing methodology which offer new insight into metabolic and regulatory networks, as well as clues to the evolution of degradation pathways and to molecular adaptation strategies to changing environmental conditions. "